Different hydrogel architectures synthesized by gamma radiation based on chitosan and N,N-dimethylacrylamide
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Research Letter
Different hydrogel architectures synthesized by gamma radiation based on chitosan and N,N-dimethylacrylamide D. Tinoco, A. Ortega, and G. Burillo, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria 04510, CDMX México L. Islas, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK L. García-Uriostegui, CONACyT - Wood, Cellulose and Paper Research Department, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Jalisco, México Address all correspondence to G. Burillo at [email protected] (Received 27 February 2018; accepted 11 April 2018)
Abstract The present work focuses on the radiation-modification of chitosan (CS) with N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) presented as three different architectures: comb-type grafting hydrogels (net-CS)-g-DMAAm, interpenetrating networks of CS and DMAAm (net-CS)-inter-(net-DMAAm), and semi-interpenetrating networks (net-DMAAm)-inter-CS. The syntheses of different polymeric architectures were realized by gamma irradiation by a 60Co source. The optimum conditions for the syntheses of the three systems were at a dose of 6 kGy. Only the comb-type system presented a well-defined critical pH. All the hydrogels showed porous and interconnected structures according to scanning electronic microscopy. These different architectures could be used as three-dimensional cell culture scaffolding.
Introduction Chitosan (CS) is an amino-polysaccharide that is characterized by its high affinity for drug and metal retention.[1] However, CS has been receiving increasing amounts of attention as a polymeric material for tissue engineering applications because crosslinked CS can be used as a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture scaffold.[2–4] 3D cell cultures have many known research benefits compared with conventional 2D cell cultures.[5–8] One commonly observed difference is the change in cell morphology witnessed across diverse cell types: cells seeded on 2D substrates grow flat and spread widely, lacking the requisite support to grow in a vertical dimension; while this is normal behavior for some cell types (e.g., epithelial cells), other cells (e.g., mesenchymal cells) grow in a stellate manner in 3D matrices, polarizing simply for migration purposes. Cells unnaturally forced into artificial morphologies can exhibit altered functions and phenotypes.[9] However, CS solubility depends on the degree of deacetylation and also exhibits some inherent disadvantages such as poor mechanical strength and uncontrolled water uptake. To overcome some of these problems, combinations of CS with different synthetic monomers have been widely studied. N, N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) is a typical nonionic watersoluble molecule that has received attention because of its hydrophilic and biocompatible nature. DMAAm hydrogels could be used in cell culture applications, but the compounds used for crosslinking are usually very toxic, which is a disadvantage for biomedical applications.[10,11] Therefore, the use of ionizing radiation is a more appro
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