Differential susceptibility of Onchocerca volvulus microfilaria to ivermectin in two areas of contrasting history of mas
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Differential susceptibility of Onchocerca volvulus microfilaria to ivermectin in two areas of contrasting history of mass drug administration in Cameroon: relevance of microscopy and molecular techniques for the monitoring of skin microfilarial repopulation within six months of direct observed treatment Raphael Awah Abong1,2, Glory N. Amambo1,2, Patrick W. Chounna Ndongmo1,2, Abdel Jelil Njouendou1,3, Ritter Manuel4, Amuam Andrew Beng1,2, Mathias Eyong Esum1,2, Kebede Deribe5,6, Jerome Fru-Cho1,2, Fanny F. Fombad1,2, Theobald Mue Nji2,7, Peter Ivo Enyong1,2, Catherine B. Poole8, Kenneth Pfarr4,9, Achim Hoerauf4,9, Clotilde K. S. Carlow8 and Samuel Wanji1,2*
Abstract Background: Ivermectin is an excellent microfilaricide against Onchocerca volvulus. However, in some regions, long term use of ivermectin has resulted in sub-optimal responses to the treatment. More data to properly document the phenomenon in various contexts of ivermectin mass drug administration (IVM-MDA) is needed. Also, there is a need to accurately monitor a possible repopulation of skin by microfilariae following treatment. Skin snip microscopy is known to have a low sensitivity in individuals with light infections, which can be the case following treatment. This study was designed with two complementary objectives: (i) to assess the susceptibility of O. volvulus microfilariae to ivermectin in two areas undergoing IVM-MDA for different lengths of time, and (ii) to document the repopulation of skin by the O. volvulus microfilariae following treatment, using 3 independent diagnostic techniques. (Continued on next page)
* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon 2 Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data
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