Dimethylamine oxidation by homogenic (Fe +2 and UV) and heterogenic (CuO) activated peroxydisulfate
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Dimethylamine oxidation by homogenic (Fe+2 and UV) and heterogenic (CuO) activated peroxydisulfate I. Rykowska1 · P. Andrzejewski1 · R. Wolski1 · A. Dabrowska1 Received: 27 February 2020 / Accepted: 11 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Oxidation of water or wastewaters with classical oxidants such as chloramine, chlorine dioxide, ozone or permanganate may lead to formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), when dimethylamine (DMA) is present as water pollution. This study shows that peroxydisulfate (PDS) could be considered as relatively ‘safe’ oxidant as PDS partly destroys dimethylamine without formation of NDMA. Prior to use, peroxydisulfate was activated. Metal ions F e+2, UV radiation and metal oxides CuO were compared as activator compounds to understand their efficiency in PDS systems (radical and nonradical) for oxidation of DMA. The amount of nitrate formed as the result of nitrogen oxidation, as well as formaldehyde (FA), formed as the result of methyl groups oxidation, was monitored as an indicator of DMA degradation. Application studies conducted on natural water showed that activated peroxydisulfate can effectively protect against the undesirable NDMA formation. Keywords Dimethylamine · Formaldehyde · Nitrate · N-nitrosodimethylamine · Oxidation · Peroxydisulfate Abbreviations AOPs Advanced oxidation processes BOD Biochemical oxygen demand CF Conventional Fenton oxidation COD Chemical oxygen demand DMA Dimethylamine ECD Electron capture detector FA Formaldehyde GC–MS Gas chromatography-mass detector HF Heterogeneous Fenton oxidation HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography MSD Mass selective detector NDMA N-Nitrosodimethylamine PDS Peroxydisulfate TOC Total organic carbon TW Tannery wastewater UV-DAD Ultraviolet- diode array detector
* A. Dabrowska [email protected] 1
Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61‑614 Poznan, Poland
Introduction Water treatment plants supported by highly treated municipal wastewater effluents are increasingly considered as a local supply of potable water. Increases in the demand for the reuse of wastewater, due to the shortage of fresh water resources in an arid area, require high-quality effluent from wastewater treatment plants. In the last two decades, intensive research has been undertaken to find effective methods for removing toxic impurities that occur in water, sewage and leachate in both trace amounts and in relatively high concentrations. Conventional methods for wastewater treatment are not always effective and efficient, especially when removing difficult-biodegradable substances. These substances include: pesticides, phenols and their derivatives, halogenated compounds, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, surface active substances, and organic dyes. The afore-mentioned compounds, as well as the derivatives of their incomplete oxidation, present at low concentrations in discharged treated wastewater, can negatively affect the color, the ta
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