Discovering Life, Manufacturing Life How the experimental method sha

This book tells the story of how thinkers, over time, have dared to explore using experimental devices and how the experimental method established itself and took a predominant role in the life sciences. While life sciences continue to advance and knowled

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Grenoble Sciences Grenoble Sciences pursues a triple aim:  to publish works responding to a clearly defined project, with no curriculum or

vogue constraints,  to guarantee the selected titles’ scientific and pedagogical qualities,  to propose books at an affordable price to the widest scope of readers.

Each project is selected with the help of anonymous referees, followed by an average one-year interaction between the authors and a Readership Committee, whose members’ names figure in the front pages of the book. Grenoble Sciences then signs a co-publishing agreement with the most adequate publisher. Contact: Tel.: (33) 4 76 51 46 95 – Fax: (33) 4 76 51 45 79 E-mail: [email protected] Information: http://grenoble-sciences.ujf-grenoble.fr Scientific Director of Grenoble Sciences: Jean BORNAREL, Professor at the Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France Grenoble Sciences is supported by the French Ministry of Education and Research and the “Région Rhône-Alpes”.

Discovering Life, Manufacturing Life is an improved version of the French book published by Grenoble Sciences in partnership with EDP Sciences. The Reading Committee of the French version included the following members:  Michel BORNENS, CNRS Research Director, Curie Institute, Paris  Athel CORNISH-BOWDEN, CNRS Research Director, Marseille  Roland DOUCE, Professor at the Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble  Françoise FRIDLANSKY, CNRS Researcher, Gif-sur-Yvette  Jean-Louis MARTINAND, Professor at the ENS, Cachan  Jean-Claude MOUNOLOU, Professor at the Paris-Sud University, Orsay  Valdur SAKS, Professor at the Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble  Michel SATRE, CNRS Research Director, CEA, Grenoble  Michel SOUTIF, Honorary Professor at the Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble  Jean VICAT, Professor at the Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble  Jeannine YON-KAHN, CNRS Research Director, Orsay

Typesetted by Centre technique Grenoble Sciences Front cover illustration: composed by Alice GIRAUD with extracts from: © CNRS Photothèque/R. Melki: yeast prion's atomic structure. © CNRS Photothèque/ T. Launey, J.P. Gueritaud: Organotypic culture of rat’s facial motor neuron. © CNRS Photothèque/Y. Bailly: rat’s cortex neuron marked by the green fluorescent protein. © N. Franceschini: Head of the blowfly, Calliphora, as seen from the front, showing the two compound eyes. © N. Franceschini, J.M. Pichon and C. Blanes: Robot-Fly (Autonomous seeing vehicle)

DISCOVERING LIFE, MANUFACTURING LIFE HOW THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD SHAPED LIFE SCIENCES

Pierre V. VIGNAIS

and

Paulette M. VIGNAIS

Translation by Martha WILLISON

2010

Pierre V. Vignais† Honorary Professor of Biochemistry School of Medicine Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble France † deceased sept. 2006

Paulette M. Vignais Emeritus Director of Research CNRS 8 rue Nicolas Boileau 38700 La Tronche France

“Science Expérimentale et connaissance du vivant, la méthode et les concepts, Pierre Vignais avec la collaboration de Paulette Vignais, Collection Grenoble Sciences - EDP Sciences, 2006”