Discovering Reality Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysi
Are Western epistemology, metaphysics, methodology and the philosophy of science grounded only in men's distinctive understandings of themselves, others, and nature? Does this less than human understanding distort our models of reason and of scientific in
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SYNTHESE LIBRARY
STUDIES IN EPISTEMOLOGY, LOGIC, METHODOLOGY, AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Managing Editor: JAAKKO HINTIKKA, Florida State University, Tallahassee
Editors: DONALD DAVIDSON, University of California, Berkeley GABRIËL NUCHELMANS, University of Leyden WESLEY C. SALMON, University of Pittsburgh
VOLUME 161
DISCOVERING REALITY Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science
Edited by SANDRA HARDING Dept. of Philosophy, University of Delaware
and MERRILL B. HINTIKKA Dept. of Philosophy, Florida State University
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBook ISBN: Print ISBN:
0-306-48017-4 90-277-1496-7
©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©1983 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: and Kluwer's eBookstore at:
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SANDRA HARDING AND MERRILL B. HINTIKKA / Introduction
ix
LYNDA LANGE / Woman Is Not a Rational Animal: On Aristotle’s
Biology of Reproduction
1
ELIZABETH V. SPELMAN / Aristotle and the Politicization of the
Soul
17
JUDITH HICKS STIEHM / The Unit of Political Analysis: Our
Aristotelian Hangover RUTH HUBBARD / Have Only Men Evolved? MICHAEL GROSS AND MARY BETH AVERILL / Evolution and
Patriarchal Myths of Scarcity and Competition
31 45 71
ANN PALMERI / Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Forerunner of a
Feminist Social Science
97
LOUISE MARCIL-LACOSTE / The Trivialization of the Notion of
Equality
121
MERRILL B. HINTIKKA AND JAAKKO HINTIKKA / How Can
Language Be Sexist?
139
JANICE MOULTON / A Paradigm of Philosophy: The Adversary
Method KATHRYN PYNE ADDELSON / The Man of Professional Wisdom EVELYN FOX KELLER / Gender and Science EVELYN FOX KELLER AND CHRISTINE R. GRONTKOWSKI /
The Mind’s Eye NAOMI SCHEMAN / Individualism and the Objects of Psychology JANE FLAX / Political Philosophy and the Patriarchal Unconscious:
A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Epistemology and Metaphysics
149 165 187 207 225 245
NANCY C. M. HARTSOCK / The Feminist Standpoint: Developing
the Ground for a Specifically Feminist Historical Materialism
283
SANDRA HARDING / Why Has the Sex/Gender System Become
Visible Only Now? INDEX OF NAMES
311 325
We dedicate this volume to the memory of Jane English, whose brilliance, inspiration, courage and warmth are sorely missed by her colleagues in philosophy and by her friends.
SANDRA HARDING AND MERRILL B. HINTIKKA
INTRODUCTION
During the last decade, feminist research has attempted to add understandings of women and their social activities to what we all thought we knew about nature and social life. However, from the very beginning of this project, it has appeared to be in tension with some of the most fundamen
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