Dissipation of radiation energy in concentrated solid-solution alloys: Unique defect properties and microstructural evol
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Introduction Nuclear energy has become a reliable type of baseload power to provide constant and carbon-free electricity, and it currently meets 10% of the world’s energy demands.1 Nuclear power produces nearly 20%, 80%, and 18% of the electricity in the United States, France, and Russia, respectively, and about 2.5% in China. Structural alloys in nuclear applications, where they are subject to radiation by energetic particles (e.g., alpha and beta particles, fission fragments, and neutrons), suffer over time from damage and properties degradation. Advanced structural alloys that can withstand radiation are a pressing need. The predictive discovery and guided design of advanced structural materials with targeted functionalities are key to enabling modern technologies, especially for future nuclear energy applications. Until quite recently, the pursuit of metallic alloys with increased structural strength or improved radiation performance has relied on incorporating a large number of defect sinks to mitigate radiation-induced damage, through either
alloying elements at low concentrations (solutes, which interact with matrix/solvents) to form so-called dilute alloys or creating nanoscale features.2–4 Some of these conventional alloys may contain high concentrations of alloying elements and were originally developed as extensions of dilute alloys. More than a decade ago, a new paradigm in alloy design— complex concentrated alloys (CCAs), composed of multiple elements all at high concentrations—has emerged that presents unforeseen opportunities for materials discovery.5,6 In sharp contrast to dilute alloys existing near the corners of phase diagrams, CCAs are formed near the centers of phase diagrams. All the multiple principal elements do interact with each other in the matrix that is different from the solutes and dismisses the difference between solvents and solutes.7 Among CCAs, single-phase concentrated solid-solution alloys (SP-CSAs), composed of two to five (or more) elements, in many cases at or near equiatomic composition, have drawn great attention.8,9 In SP-CSAs, the elements randomly distribute on simple underlying face-centered-cubic (fcc) or body-centered-cubic
Yanwen Zhang, Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA; [email protected] Takeshi Egami, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA; [email protected] William J. Weber, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA; [email protected] doi:10.1557/mrs.2019.233
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• VOLUME 44 • OCTOBER 2019 • www.mrs.org/bulletin 2019available MaterialsatResearch Downloaded MRS fromBULLETIN https://www.cambridge.org/core. Stockholm University Library, on
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