Dual modification of starches by phosphorylation and grafting and their application as adsorbents for the removal of phe
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Dual modification of starches by phosphorylation and grafting and their application as adsorbents for the removal of phenol Fazal Haq1 · Haojie Yu1 · Li Wang1 · Jian Liu2 · Sahid Mehmood1 · Muhammad Haroon1 · Bilal‑Ul Amin1 · Shah Fahad1 · Md Alim Uddin1 Received: 17 May 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 © The Polymer Society, Taipei 2020
Abstract In this article, starch phosphate-g-poly (methacrylic acids) (SP-g-PMAAs) were synthesized by dual modification. Firstly starch phosphate (SP) was synthesized by phosphorylation of native starch (NS) with mono sodium-phosphate and di sodium-phosphate. Afterwards, methacrylic acid (MAA) was grafted onto SP via free radical polymerization to synthesize SP-g-PMAAs. The structure of the SP and SP-g-PMAAs was investigated by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction studies showed that the modification diminished the crystalline nature of SP and SP-g-PMAAs. The SEM images showed spherical or polyhedral smooth surface for the starch. After modification, SP and SP-g-PMAAs exhibited distorted and rougher surfaces which are assumed to be good for adsorption. The dual modification produced phosphate and carboxylic groups on the starch backbone. The phosphate and carboxylic groups have high tendency to make hydrogen bonding with phenol. The comparative adsorption studies of NS, SP and SP-g-PMAAs were checked for phenol. The experimental results showed adsorption efficiencies of 0.022 g/g, 0.082 g/g, 0.100 g/g, 0.148 g/g and 0.151 g/g for NS, SP, SP-g-PMAA1, SP-g-PMAA2 and SP-g-PMAA3, respectively. The following findings revealed that dual modification enhanced the adsorption ability of NS. Keywords Dual modification · Starch phosphate · Grafted polymethacrylic acid · Adsorption · Phenol
Introduction Corn starch is well-known as a bulking agent, water retention agent, gelling agent and used as a thickener [1]. On the basis of amylose and amylopectin ratio starch is categorized as high, normal and waxy amylose [2]. Starch is chemically modified by different methods, but dual modification is one of the best ways to get the desire property of the starch [3–6]. Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] * Haojie Yu [email protected] * Li Wang [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
2
Dually modified starches improve the solubility, rheological stability [7] and increase the tensile strength [8], peak viscosity and swelling property [9]. In the modern world, the cigarette industry is very popular from an economic point of view, but the cigarette is injurious to human health. Cigarette smoke has so many toxic chemical gases [10]. Almost 69 chemicals are well known in cigarette smoke which causes different types
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