Early colonization stages of fabric carriers by two Chlorella strains
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Early colonization stages of fabric carriers by two Chlorella strains Jairo Hernán Moreno Osorio 1 & Antonino De Natale 2 & Angelo Del Mondo 2 & Luigi Frunzo 3 & Piet Nicolaas Luc Lens 4,5 & Giovanni Esposito 6 & Antonino Pollio 2 Received: 1 March 2020 / Revised and accepted: 20 August 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Microalgal biofilms are increasingly attracting attention as a cultivation platform for different biotechnological purposes. The initial adhesion of algae to a surface, one of the key factors for the formation of a biofilm, was analyzed by coupling image analysis techniques and mathematical modeling. Two isolated microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris ACUF_809 and Chlorella sp. ACUF_802, were identified by molecular techniques. Their health condition and biomass growth were measured using pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry; the carrier colonization was studied by imaging analysis (Weka Segmentation) and measuring the green tones of the biofilm through CIELAB colorimetry. Structural features and biofilm vertical distribution were determined by multichannel confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and some parameters were aligned to the Gompertz model. Chlorella vulgaris ACUF_809 showed good adaptation to form biofilm on cotton fabric measured as high biomass growth reflected in the high F0 (0.42) and biofilm colonization through the CIELAB colorimetry (a*− 9.3), coverage area 32.3%, and average biofilm thickness (106.37 ± 47 μm). This work demonstrated the feasibility of C. vulgaris ACUF_809 and Chlorella sp. ACUF_802 biofilm formation on cotton fabric which potentially provides an alternative for cultivating and producing microalgae biomass. Keywords Phototrophic biofilm . PAM fluorometry . CLSM . CIE L*a*b* . Colonization . Non-destructive methods
Introduction Attached microalgae cultivation systems are an alternative pathway to solve the problem of efficient production of microalgae Jairo Hernán Moreno Osorio and Antonino De Natale contributed equally to this work. * Jairo Hernán Moreno Osorio [email protected] 1
Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino, Italy
2
Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, via Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
3
Department of Mathematics and Applications Renato Caccioppoli, University of Naples “Federico II”, via Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
4
UNESCO-IHE institute for water education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, Netherlands
5
National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
6
Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy
biomass for industrial applications and wastewater treatment (Chen et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2017). Owing to cell attachment and growth to a surface, biomass can be removed from the reactor mixed liquor without using supplementary electrical energy or chemicals (Johnson and Wen 2010; Ozkan et al. 2012). In ad
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