Early Menarche and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus at First Live Birth
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Early Menarche and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus at First Live Birth Yun Shen1 • Hui Hu1 • Brandie D. Taylor2 • Haidong Kan3 • Xiaohui Xu2
Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Objectives To examine the association between early menarche and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2012 were used to investigate the association between age at menarche and the risk of GDM at first birth among 5914 women. A growth mixture model was used to detect distinctive menarche onset patterns based on self-reported age at menarche. Logistic regression models were then used to examine the associations between menarche initiation patterns and GDM after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, family history of diabetes mellitus, lifetime greatest Body Mass Index, smoking status, and physical activity level. Results Among the 5914 first-time mothers, 3.4 % had self-reported GDM. We detected three groups with heterogeneous menarche onset patterns, the Early, Normal, and Late Menarche Groups. The regression model shows that compared to the Normal Menarche Group, the Early Menarche Group had 1.75 (95 % CI 1.10, 2.79) times the odds of having GDM. No statistically significant difference & Xiaohui Xu [email protected] 1
Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
2
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 205A SRPH Administration Building; MS 1266, 212 Adriance Lab Road, College Station, TX 77843-1266, USA
3
School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
was observed between the Normal and the Late Menarche Group. Conclusion This study suggests that early menarche may be a risk factor of GDM. Future studies are warranted to examine and confirm this finding. Keywords Menarche Gestational diabetes mellitus NHANES
Significance Early age at menarche has been associated with increased risk of obesity, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, breast cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. However, a potential relationship between early menarche and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has not been well studied. Using a population representative samples in the US, this study suggests that early menarche is associated with GDM. The findings highlights that history of early menarche might be useful to identify women who would benefit from preconception interventions to reduce the risk of GDM as it is currently a national goal to increase preconception care.
Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as abnormal glucose tolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy (American Diabetes Association 2014). GDM is reported in around 7 % of all pregnancies (American Diabetes Association 2014
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