Ecological Risk Assessment: The Triad Approach
An ecological risk assessment of a contaminated site is usually based on a model approach using chemical analyses of soil, sediment, or water. These methods take neither the biological availability of contaminants, combination toxicity or ecological field
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4466
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The Triad Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4466 Environmental Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4467 Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4468 Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4469 Combining All Lines of Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4469 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4469
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Research Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4471
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Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4471
K. N. Timmis (ed.), Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-77587-4_349, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010
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Ecological Risk Assessment: The Triad Approach
Abstract: An ecological risk assessment of a contaminated site is usually based on a model approach using chemical analyses of soil, sediment, or water. These methods take neither the biological availability of contaminants, combination toxicity or ecological field effects into account. To overcome these limitations the Triad approach is used. This approach combines chemical data, toxicity testing and ecological data of a site to determine the effect of contamination on the ecosystem.
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Introduction
Owing to past and present anthropogenic activities, mineral oils have entered the environment where they cause problems such as diminished growth and functioning of (micro-)organisms. Mineral oil is a generic term for a large group of hydrocarbons with different physical, chemical, and toxic characteristics. Therefore, each has different ecological effects on the environment. For instance the EC50 (Effect Concentration at which 50% of the model organisms suffer from the pollutant) of different hydrocarbons for earthworms varies from 30 to 71,000 mg/kg dw (Franken et al, 1999). To what extent organisms are affected by hydrocarbons depends on the characteristics of the compounds and the environment as well as the organism itself. The total concentration of mineral oils at a polluted site, doesnot say anything about the actual ecological impact and risks. In order to determine this it is i
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