Effects, interactions, and localization of Rickettsia and Wolbachia in the house fly parasitoid, Spalangia endius
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HOST MICROBE INTERACTIONS
Effects, interactions, and localization of Rickettsia and Wolbachia in the house fly parasitoid, Spalangia endius Amit Semiatizki 1 & Benjamin Weiss 2
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Shir Bagim 1 & Sarit Rohkin-Shalom 1 & Martin Kaltenpoth 2
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Elad Chiel 1
Received: 13 February 2020 / Accepted: 28 April 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Many insect species harbor facultative microbial symbionts that affect their biology in diverse ways. Here, we studied the effects, interactions, and localization of two bacterial symbionts—Wolbachia and Rickettsia—in the parasitoid Spalangia endius. We crossed between four S. endius colonies—Wolbachia only (W), Rickettsia only (R), both (WR), and none (aposymbiotic, APS) (16 possible crosses) and found that Wolbachia induces incomplete cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), both when the males are W or WR. Rickettsia did not cause reproductive manipulations and did not rescue the Wolbachia-induced CI. However, when R females were crossed with W or WR males, significantly less offspring were produced compared with that of control crosses. In non-CI crosses, the presence of Wolbachia in males caused a significant reduction in offspring numbers. Females’ developmental time was significantly prolonged in the R colony, with adults starting to emerge one day later than the other colonies. Other fitness parameters did not differ significantly between the colonies. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization microscopy in females, we found that Wolbachia is localized alongside Rickettsia inside oocytes, follicle cells, and nurse cells in the ovaries. However, Rickettsia is distributed also in muscle cells all over the body, in ganglia, and even in the brain. Keywords Microbial symbionts . Reproductive manipulations . Cytoplasmic incompatibility . Fluorescence in situ hybridization . Hymenoptera . Pteromalidae
Introduction Many arthropods live in symbiosis with microorganisms. These microbial symbionts are generally divided into two groups: primary and secondary. Primary symbionts have an obligate relationship with their hosts, since they provide essential nutrients absent in the host’s diet; in return, the host provides the symbiont with other nutrients or precursors, a stable environment, and a guaranteed route of maternal Amit Semiatizky and Benjamin Weiss contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-020-01520-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Elad Chiel [email protected] 1
Department of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa-Oranim, 36006 Tivon, Israel
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Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
transmission to its offspring [1]. Secondary symbionts are facultatively associated with their hosts and are therefore generally not considered essential for host development and reproduction. Nevertheless, secondary
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