Electrical Power System Protection
The death of Professor Arthur Wright in the summer of 1996 deprived me of a friend and a colleague whose judgement and experience shaped this book. I pay tribute to his contributions to protection and electrical engineering education. In the five years si
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Electrical Power System Protection 2nd Edition C. Christopoulos Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK and
A. Wright (deceased)
former Emeritus Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-In-Publication Data
ChristopouloS, Chrlstos. Electrical power system protection / C. Christopoulos and A. Wright. p. cm. Wright's name appears first on the earlier edition. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4419-4734-5 ISBN 978-1-4757-5065-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-5065-2
1. Electric power systems--Protectlon. 2. Electric power transmisslon--Equlpment and supplies--Protectlon. I. Wright, A. (Arthur) II. Title. TK1055.C474 1999 621.31'7--dc21 99-14201 ISBN 978-1-4419-4734-5
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved. © 1999 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1999 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission from the copyright owner.
Contents
Acknowledgements
xv
Preface to the Second Edition
xvii
Preface to the First Edition
xviii
List of Symbols 1 Fuses 1.1 Historical background 1.2 Basic requirements 1.3 Fuse types and constructions l.3.l Cartridge fuses l.3.2 Semi-enclosed fuses l.3.3 Expulsion fuses 1.3.4 Liquid fuses 1.4 The behaviour of cartridge fuselinks l.4.l The pre-arcing period l.4.2 The arcing period 1.4.3 Determination of fuselink performance l.5 The construction of cartridge fuses l.5.1 Fuse elements l.5.2 Fuselink bodies l.5.3 Filling material l.5.4 Mountings and ratings l.6 Semi-enclosed fuses l. 7 Expulsion fuses 1.8 Liquid fuses 1.9 The application of fuses l.9.l Time/current relationships l.9.2 J2 t l.9.3 Virtual time 1.9.4 Published time / current characteristics l.9.5 Cut-off characteristics l.9.6 Operating frequency
xx
1 1 5 6
7 8 8 8 9 9 10 13 14 14 16 16 16 18 18 21 21 22 23 24 24 25 25
vi
Contents 1.9.7 Discrimination and co-ordination 1.9.8 The protection of power-system equipment 1.1 0 The future References Further reading
26 28 36 36 37
2 Current transformers 2.1 Historical background 2.2 Conventional current transformers 2.2.1 Equivalent circuits 2.2.2 Behaviour under normal steady-state conditions 2.2.3 Behaviour under abnormal conditions 2.2.4 The effects of core saturation on transformation behaviour 2.2.5 Remanent core flux 2.2.6 Operation with a secondary circuit open or of a high impedance 2.2.7 The construction of current transformers 2.3 Linear couplers 2.3.1 The output of a linear coupler with a burden of infinite impedance 2.3.2 The output of a linear coupler with a burden of finite impedance 2.4 Current transformers with air-gapped cores 2.5 Non-conventional current trans
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