Enemies, Dangers and Colony Defence
Stingless bee nests contain valuable resources, such as honey, pollen, cerumen, batumen, resin, larval food and finally, the cavity and the bees themselves (Chap. 3 ). It is, therefore, unsurprising that other animals attempt to gain access to these reso
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Christoph Grüter
Stingless Bees
Their Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution
Fascinating Life Sciences
This interdisciplinary series brings together the most essential and captivating topics in the life sciences. They range from the plant sciences to zoology, from the microbiome to macrobiome, and from basic biology to biotechnology. The series not only highlights fascinating research; it also discusses major challenges associated with the life sciences and related disciplines and outlines future research directions. Individual volumes provide in-depth information, are richly illustrated with photographs, illustrations, and maps, and feature suggestions for further reading or glossaries where appropriate. Interested researchers in all areas of the life sciences, as well as biology enthusiasts, will find the series’ interdisciplinary focus and highly readable volumes especially appealing.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15408
Christoph Grüter
Stingless Bees Their Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution
Christoph Grüter School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Bristol, UK
ISSN 2509-6745 ISSN 2509-6753 (electronic) Fascinating Life Sciences ISBN 978-3-030-60089-1 ISBN 978-3-030-60090-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60090-7 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
I would like to dedicate this book to my collaborators, for their support and generosity, to my parents who always encouraged my detours and to Francisca, my partner in crime.
Preface
Interest in bees has been growing in recent years, mainly because it has become clear that bees are having an increasingly hard time in the modern wo
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