Energy efficient multi-beacon guard method for periodic data gathering in time-synchronized WSN
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Energy efficient multi-beacon guard method for periodic data gathering in time-synchronized WSN Debanjan Sadhukhan1
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Seela Veerabhadreswara Rao1
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In periodic data-gathering, sensors can switch on the transceiver only during packet transmission to save energy. Exact clock-synchronization is challenging to achieve because of error present in synchronization protocols. Clock-disagreement increases with time in the absence of synchronization. This paper proposes an Energy-efficient Multi Beacon Guard method (EMBG) to decrease the energy consumption by minimizing the awake time of sender and receiver by periodically switching on and off the receivers during the guard-time. We determine the optimal number-of-times the receiver needs to wake up along with the wake-up intervals to collectively minimize the total energy consumption of the sender–receiver pair during transmission. This paper shows the effectiveness of EMBG in energy conservation and compares with existing approaches using ns2 simulation. Keywords Synchronization Energy consumption Wireless sensor networks Ad-hoc networks
1 Introduction The sensor nodes periodically generate data in most of the wireless sensor network (WSN) applications like environmental monitoring [1], fire detection [2], battlefield surveillance [2], and so on. In these applications, energy efficient hierarchical forwarding strategies like a tree or cluster based strategies are often preferred to increase the lifetime of the WSNs [3–5]. The sleep/wake (s/w) scheduling techniques are used to conserve energy in periodic data gathering where sensor nodes switch on their transceiver only when they intend to send a packet or expect to receive a packet [6–8]. A sender–receiver pair knows the exact time for communication in synchronous s/w scheduling.1 Exact clock synchronization is required for synchronous s/w scheduling, which is very difficult to achieve because of the imperfect crystal oscillator [6, 11]. The most governing factors for clock-disagreement are phase-offset and & Debanjan Sadhukhan [email protected] Seela Veerabhadreswara Rao [email protected] 1
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
clock-skew. Phase-offset is the clock difference (or time difference) between two sensors at an instant of time. The clock-skew refers to the difference in actual and expected crystal oscillator frequency. Clock-skew also depends on environmental factors such as pressure, temperature, magnetic fields, radiation, etc. The clock-skew is measured in parts-per-million (ppm), where one ppm denotes the clock drift of 1 ls in a second. The clock-skew rate of Mica Motes is up to 50 ppm. A typical range of clock-skew is generally between 40 and 100 ppm [6]. Hence, clockskew plays an important role in designing any energy efficient synchronous s/w scheduling protocol for WSNs. The time synchronization protocols can mitigate the clock-skew a
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