Epidemics and outbreaks of peripheral nervous system disorders: I. infectious and immune-mediated causes
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Epidemics and outbreaks of peripheral nervous system disorders: I. infectious and immune‑mediated causes Stéphane Mathis1 · Antoine Soulages1 · Gwendal Le Masson1,2,3 · Jean‑Michel Vallat4 Received: 21 August 2020 / Revised: 28 August 2020 / Accepted: 2 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The history of mankind is marked by numerous epidemics, some of which involved diseases of the peripheral nervous system, either infectious or otherwise. We describe here the three main infectious causes of epidemics that affect the peripheral nervous system: leprosy, poliomyelitis and diphtheria. We then discuss the main epidemics of immune-mediated origin. Keywords Poliomyelitis · Diphtheria · Leprosy · Guillain–Barré syndrome · HIV · Lyme Abbreviations AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AMAN Acute motor axonal neuropathy AMSAN Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy ART Antiretroviral therapy BB Borrelia burgdorferi CD4 Cluster of differentiation 4 CHIVKV Chikungunya virus COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 CSF Cerebrospinal fluid DENV Dengue virus DTP Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis GBS Guillain–Barré syndrome GM1 Mono-sialotetrahexosyl-ganglioside H1N1 Haemagglutinin type-1 and neuraminidase type-1 H1N1-pdm09 Pandemic H1N1/09 virus (2019) HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
* Stéphane Mathis Stephane.mathis@chu‑bordeaux.fr 1
Department of Neurology, Nerve‑Muscle Unit, CHU Bordeaux (Pellegrin University Hospital), Place Amélie Raba‑Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
2
University of Bordeaux, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France
3
INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, ‘Physiopathologie de La Plasticité Neuronale’, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France
4
Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for ‘Rare Peripheral Neuropathies’, University Hospital, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
IRIS Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes LE Lethargic encephalitis ML Mycobacterium leprae MT Mycobacterium tuberculosis PCR Polymerase chain reaction PFEE Peripheral form of epidemic encephalitis PN Peripheral neuropathy PNS Peripheral nervous system polio Poliomyelitis RNA Ribonucleic acid SIV Simian immunodeficiency virus VAPP Vaccine-associated paralytic polio WHO World Health Organization ZIKV Zika virus
Introduction The history of civilizations has been punctuated by a number of disease outbreaks that have decimated large proportions of the human population, greatly altering the structure and dynamics of societies, the recent coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic being a new example of this constant threat to mankind. Since ancient times, the spread of such diseases was believed to be due to demons, gods or comets, before the theory of a noxious property of the air originating from rotting organic matter (miasmas) was advanced. Since the fourteenth century, the concept of ‘quarantine’ represents the cornerstone of a coordinated disease-control strategy. This term was first introduced in Ragusa (Dubrovnik, Croatia)
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