Epigenetic approach in obesity: DNA methylation in a prepubertal population which underwent a lifestyle modification
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(2020) 12:144
RESEARCH
Open Access
Epigenetic approach in obesity: DNA methylation in a prepubertal population which underwent a lifestyle modification Cristina Gallardo-Escribano1, Verónica Buonaiuto2, M. Isabel Ruiz-Moreno2, Antonio Vargas-Candela2, Alberto Vilches-Perez3, Javier Benitez-Porres4, Angel Ramon Romance-Garcia5, Alejandro Ruiz-Moreno2, Ricardo Gomez-Huelgas2,6* and M. Rosa Bernal-Lopez2,6*
Abstract Background: Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) is a considerably controversial concept as it is considered a transitory condition towards the development of different pathologies (type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, or cardiovascular disease). MHO is closely related to lifestyle and environmental factors. Epigenetics has become an essential biological tool to analyze the link between obesity and metabolic status. The aim of this study was to determine whether MHO status is conditioned by the DNA methylation (DNAm) of several genes related to lipid metabolism (lipoprotein lipase, retinoid X receptor alpha, liver X receptor, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, sterol regulatory element binding factor 1), and inflammation (LEP) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 131 prepubertal subjects with MHO phenotype after lifestyle modifications with personalized Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) combined with a physical activity (PA) program. Results: The DNAm of all studied genes were significantly modified in the population after 12 months of lifestyle modifications (MedDiet and PA). In addition, associations were found between the DNAm studies and BMI, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid, moderate-vigorous PA, fat mass, and adherence to MedDiet. Conclusions: It was found that DNAm of genes related to lipid metabolism and inflammation are also present in childhood and that this methylation profile can be modified by interventions based on MedDiet and PA. Keywords: Prepubertal population, Metabolically healthy obesity, Methylation, Lipid profile, Inflammatory profile, Lifestyle modification
Introduction Obesity is a global health problem that has long-term health repercussions and involves a chronic state of inflammation and increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer [1–3]. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Internal Medicine Department, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Malaga (IBIMA), Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Malaga, Spain Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
obesity as the abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that can be harmful to health. In 2016, the WHO estimated that 41 million children under the age of 5 were overweight or obese (http:// www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/es/), making obesity the most prevalent nutritional disorder in childhood. It is known that obesity is a multifactorial entity influenced by environmental (incl
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