Estimating body mass and composition from proximal femur dimensions using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Estimating body mass and composition from proximal femur dimensions using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry Emma Pomeroy 1 & Veena Mushrif-Tripathy 2 & Bharati Kulkarni 3 & Sanjay Kinra 4 & Jay T. Stock 5 & Tim J. Cole 6 & Meghan K. Shirley 6 & Jonathan C. K. Wells 6 Received: 15 February 2018 / Accepted: 4 June 2018 # The Author(s) 2018
Abstract Body mass prediction from the skeleton most commonly employs femoral head diameter (FHD). However, theoretical predictions and empirical data suggest the relationship between mass and FHD is strongest in young adults, that bone dimensions reflect lean mass better than body or fat mass and that other femoral measurements may be superior. Here, we generate prediction equations for body mass and its components using femoral head, neck and proximal shaft diameters and body composition data derived from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of young adults (n = 155, 77 females and 78 males, mean age 22.7 ± 1.3 years) from the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study, Hyderabad, India. Sex-specific regression of log-transformed data on femoral measurements predicted lean mass with smaller standard errors of estimate (SEEs) than body mass (12–14% and 16–17% respectively), while none of the femoral measurements were significant predictors of fat mass. Subtrochanteric mediolateral shaft diameter gave lower SEEs for lean mass in both sexes and for body mass in males than FHD, while FHD was a better predictor of body mass in women. Our results provide further evidence that lean mass is more closely related to proximal femur dimensions than body or fat mass and that proximal shaft diameter is a better predictor than FHD of lean but not always body mass. The mechanisms underlying these relationships have implications for selecting the most appropriate measurement and reference sample for estimating body or lean mass, which also depend on the question under investigation. Keywords Lean mass estimation . Fat mass estimation . India . Archaeology . Forensics . DXA
Introduction Research continues to address the problem of estimating body mass from the skeleton since body size is an important characteristic of a species or population linking many aspects of
* Emma Pomeroy [email protected] 1
School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
2
Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute, Pune, India
3
National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
4
Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
5
ADaPt Project, PAVE Research Group, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
6
UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
their behaviour, diet, mortality risk and life history (Charnov 1993; Harvey and Clutton-Brock 1985; Harvey and Read 1988; Robson and Wood 2008; Sibly and Brown 2007; Will et al. 2017). Secular trends in body size (height and mass) in re
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