Estimating bone mineral density using MRI in medicine and dentistry: a literature review
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Estimating bone mineral density using MRI in medicine and dentistry: a literature review Danielle Ayumi Nishimura1 · Isabela Goulart Gil Choi1 · Emiko Saita Arita1 · Arthur Rodriguez Gonzalez Cortes1,2 Received: 15 June 2020 / Accepted: 2 September 2020 © Japanese Society for Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
Abstract Objectives Studies performed in the medical area have shown that an indirect diagnosis of bone mineral density (BMD) is feasible by assessing the amount of bone marrow fat with non-ionizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In dentistry, radiographic methods are still the most used for alveolar bone diagnosis. The present literature review aimed at addressing the role of MRI in assessing BMD in medicine and dentistry. Methods MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for articles published up to 2019. Results A total of 428 potentially eligible papers were screened. Of these, 397 were excluded after title, abstract and keyword assessment, yielding 31 papers that potentially met the inclusion criteria. Eleven studies were then excluded because their full texts did not discuss the role of MRI in the indirect diagnosis of BMD. As a result, a total of 20 studies were finally identified as eligible for inclusion in this literature review. Most studies found satisfactory accuracy of MRI for indirectly assessing BMD by quantifying bone mineral fat (BMF). However, only one of these studies was on dentistry. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, the present findings suggest that MRI is accurate to indirectly estimate bone density by assessing BMF, and could be clinically relevant during dental treatment planning. Keywords Bone density · Magnetic resonance imaging · Perfusion imaging · Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging · Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Introduction Nowadays, the most common imaging methods for assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) are computed tomography (CT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Medical CT offers high sensitivity for estimating BMD using Hounsfield units (HU), whereas DXA is the most establish method for BMD evaluation by measuring bone mass with a methodology cheaper than CT. Both aforementioned methods have been used for bone diagnosis in general, despite their inherent use of ionizing radiation [1, 2].
* Danielle Ayumi Nishimura [email protected] 1
Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo 05508‑000, Brazil
Department of Dental Surgery, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
2
Loss in BMD is the primary change in bone due to aging. Additional factors are qualitative and architectural changes that lead to increased bone fragility. Studies performed with advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown that non-mineralized portions of bone are filled with bone marrow fat (BMF) [3, 4]. The quantification of BMF using MRI has been described as a promising diagnostic
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