Estimation of Total Dissolved Solids in Water Bodies by Spectral Indices Case Study: Shatt al-Arab River
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Estimation of Total Dissolved Solids in Water Bodies by Spectral Indices Case Study: Shatt al-Arab River Ali A. A. Maliki & Ali Chabuk & Maitham A. Sultan & Bassim M. Hashim & Hussain M. Hussain & Nadhir Al-Ansari
Received: 20 June 2020 / Accepted: 25 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In recent years, the problem of rising salinity levels in the Shatt al-Arab river in southern Iraq has been repeated, which has directly affected the living and health situation and the agricultural activity of these areas. Six sampling stations were selected along Shatt al-Arab to estimate the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the river; these stations included the following: Qurna, Labani, City Centre, Kateban, Corniche, and Sihan. In addition, three Landsat-8 satellite images which were taken at the same time as collected samples also used for detecting the salinity in the river. After processing of atmospheric correction and inserted
remote sensing indices, the reflectance of water extracted from satellite images was used to express the spectral characteristics of different TDS concentrations. Correlation and regression were used to obtain accurate models for detecting the salinity depending on the spectral reflectance of Landsat 8 operational land image OLI. The results presented Pearson correlation (r) value of 0.70, 0.97, and 0.71, and correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.56, 0.94, and 0.85 between field data with spectral data of salinity index 2 (SI-2) derived from the green and blue bands of Landsat obtained in 2015, 2017, and 2018 respectively. In conclusion, remote sensing and
Featured Application: Total dissolved solids (TDS) is an important water quality parameter that can be monitored regularly more easily by remote sensing techniques. This study aims to use satellite images to determine TDS values, in water bodies. This study was applied on Shatt al-Arab river, southern Iraq (as a case study). Remote sensing with spectral index algorithms will ease the monitoring task very efficiently by saving time and resources A. A. A. Maliki : M. A. Sultan : B. M. Hashim Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad 10001, Iraq
A. A. A. Maliki e-mail: [email protected] M. A. Sultan e-mail: [email protected] B. M. Hashim e-mail: [email protected]
A. Chabuk Department of Environment Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon 51001, Iraq e-mail: [email protected] H. M. Hussain Remote Sensing Center, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq e-mail: [email protected] N. Al-Ansari (*) Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden e-mail: [email protected]
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GIS technologies coupled with spectral modeling are useful tools for providing a solution of future water resources planning and management, and also offer great undertaking as a means to improve knowledge of water quality and support water decision making. Keywords Shatt al-Arab . GIS, remote sensing
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