Evidence for a Higher-Order ESEM Structure of ADHD in a Sample of Chinese Children
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Evidence for a Higher-Order ESEM Structure of ADHD in a Sample of Chinese Children Zhiyao Yi 1
&
Yan Wang 2
&
Tony Xing Tan 3,4
Accepted: 31 August 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) solutions have been proposed to represent the factor structures of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in recent literature, yet no studies have assessed those structures in Chinese children. The primary aim of this study was to comprehensively examine the factor structures of the Chinese version of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ADHD RS-IV): Home Version. Data on 458 Chinese children aged 3–8 years (boys: 246; 54%) were used to test and compare eleven factor models: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models (one-factor, two-factor and three-factor), second-order CFA model, bifactor CFA models (two and three specific factors), ESEM models (two-factor and three-factor), second-order ESEM model, and bifactor ESEM models (two and three specific factors). The results showed that, overall, ESEM models displayed better fit than CFA models. Specifically, the second-order ESEM model with three first-order factors best represented of the ADHD factor structure in our sample. In addition, measurement invariance testing results showed that scalar invariance was established across gender, age and informant groups. Implications for future research are discussed. Keywords ADHD . Higher-order ESEM model . Chinese children . Measurement invariance
Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by behavioral symptoms of inattention (IA) and hyperactivity-impulsivity (HI) (American Psychiatric Association 2013). As one of the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorders in children and adolescents (Polanczyk et al. 2015), ADHD has a global prevalence rate of about 7% (see the meta-analysis by Thomas et al. 2015). In
* Zhiyao Yi [email protected] Yan Wang [email protected] Tony Xing Tan [email protected] 1
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
2
College of Fine Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
3
College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
4
School of Foreign Studies, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
China, the prevalence rate of ADHD is about 6% (Wang et al. 2017). Although the symptom presentations of ADHD in Chinese children and American children are similar, hyperactivity was perceived to be more serious than inattention in China, whereas hyperactivity and inattention were perceived to be equally serious in the U.S. (Norvilitis and Fang 2005; Norvilitis et al. 2008). Speculatively, the bias towards hyperactivity could have implications for the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in China. Psychometrically, how it may impact the factor structure of data obtained with ADHD measures is worth investigation. Gender difference is a hallmark of ADHD, with far more males t
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