Examining the impacts of economic and demographic aspects on the ecological footprint in South and Southeast Asian count
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Examining the impacts of economic and demographic aspects on the ecological footprint in South and Southeast Asian countries Rajesh Sharma 1
&
Avik Sinha 2 & Pradeep Kautish 3
Received: 19 March 2020 / Accepted: 8 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The re-examination of the existing economic and environmental policies in the South and Southeast Asian countries seems to be necessary, as these countries are struggling to achieve the goals of sustainable development. For designing a long-term environmental policy, we intended to examine whether the selected economic and demographic indicators have influenced the ecological footprint in the eight developing countries of Asia from 1990 to 2015. The use of pooled mean group (PMG) approach allowed driving the long-run common coefficients, which may facilitate us to develop a common policy framework for fortifying the environmental quality. The computed results confirmed that the selected variables are cointegrated in the long run, and the variables, i.e., per capita income, nonrenewable energy usage, urbanization, fertility rate, and population density are observed as the significant drivers of the environmental pollution. Moreover, the consumption of renewable energy restored the environmental quality in these countries. Based on the results, we recommended the need for the diversification of the energy-basket for enhancement of the use of renewable energy resources. Further, through sensitization of the necessity of environmental conservation, the governments should promote less carbon-intense economic and demographic practices across the industries and sectors. Keywords Ecological footprint . South and Southeast Asia . Energy . Urbanization JEL classification Q56 . C31 . D12 . O13
Introduction Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09659-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Rajesh Sharma [email protected] Avik Sinha [email protected] Pradeep Kautish [email protected] 1
School of Business, Mody University of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh, District Sikar, Rajasthan, India
2
Centre for Sustainable Development, Goa Institute of Management, Goa, India
3
Department of Marketing, Institute of Management, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Many studies have established the fact that economic growth endeavors have damaged environmental quality across different regions (Birdsall 1992; Holtz-Eakin and Selden 1995; Wackernagel and Rees 1996). Considering the need for environmental conservation, the Kyoto protocol and later the Paris Agreement have been initiated. The philosophy of both the agreements is to control environmental degradation and to achieve sustainable economic growth. The United Nations Development Committee has recognized the need for sustainable economic growth, which is evident from the recommendations of
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