A puzzle over ecological footprint, energy consumption and economic growth: the case of Turkey
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A puzzle over ecological footprint, energy consumption and economic growth: the case of Turkey Ahmet Gülmez1 · Nurullah Altınta¸s1 · Ünsal Ozan Kahraman1 Received: 2 March 2020 / Revised: 30 July 2020 / Accepted: 15 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The paper investigates the non-linear causality from energy consumption and economic growth to ecological footprint for the case of Turkey by employing ARDL Models and ECM-Based Granger Causality over the period from 1961 to 2016. The major contribution of the article to the literature is that (i) the data period of the empirical analysis of the study is much longer than the one of the other studies for the case of Turkey; (ii) ecological footprint, which has been rarely used in the studies for the same case is taken as a sophisticated proxy of environmental degradation; (iii) it is found that the sophisticated key term ‘awareness’ needs much more multidisciplinary attention and wider mind maps as the causality from energy consumption to ecological footprint has U-shape; (iv) the non-linear causality is investigated and the complicated puzzle is discussed in the framework of a wide and coherent mind map. Keywords ARDL · Ecological footprint · Economic growth · Energy consumption · Turkey
1 Introduction The world experienced high economic growth rates after the industrial revolution. On the occasion of the natural limits of this kind of economic growth, there has been a large body of literature on the interaction and trade-offs between today’s economic growth,
Handling Editor: Luiz Duczmal.
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Nurullah Altınta¸s [email protected] Ahmet Gülmez [email protected] Ünsal Ozan Kahraman [email protected]
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The Faculty of Political Sciences, Economics, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
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Environmental and Ecological Statistics
next terms’ economic growth and renewable and nonrenewable energy sources (Kraft and Kraft 1978; Biesiot and Noorman 1999; Bekun et al. 2019; Sarkodie and Adams 2018). The countries joining the growth competition didn’t pay enough attention on the negative externalities of growth on the environment at the beginning. However the fact that the dynamic of the picture with these levels of growth, energy consumption and pollution is not coherent and sustainable has been established. There has been a significant interest on ecological quality for fifty years. Along with the increasing environment problems it has been the issue to find optimal solutions for the puzzle of the trade-off between today’s needs and the potential sources of next generations. Stockholm Environment Conference (1972), World Strategy (1980), Bruntdland Report (1987), Rio Declaration (1992), Kyoto Protocol (1997), Johennesberg Summit (2002), Rio + 20 Summit (2012), New York 2030 Goals (2015) are the major workshops which draws attention to sustainable development based on ecological life. There is a great increase in the body of literature analyzing the relationship between economic growth and pollut
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