Experimental and numerical study on the mechanical properties of cortical and spongy cranial bone of 8-week-old porcines
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Experimental and numerical study on the mechanical properties of cortical and spongy cranial bone of 8‑week‑old porcines at different strain rates Zhigang Li1 · Jian Wang1 · Jiawei Wang1 · Jinjin Wang1 · Cheng Ji1 · Guangliang Wang1 Received: 19 October 2019 / Accepted: 13 February 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Pediatric porcines have widely been used as substitute for children in biomechanical research. Previous studies have used entire piglet cranium when testing their properties. Here, the piglet craniums from the frontal and parietal locations were carefully dissected into spongy and cortical part, and tensile tests at different strain rates were then conducted on these two bone types. It is found that the elastic modulus, yield stress, and ultimate stress of the cortical bone were all significantly higher than those of the spongy bone. The ultimate strains of the cortical and spongy bone were similar. Overall, the effect of the position on the mechanical properties did not reach significance. Cortical bone strength from the frontal location was slightly higher than that obtained from the parietal location; however, spongy bone did not show this location difference. The mechanical properties of both the cortical and spongy bone are significantly strain-rate dependent. Specifically, the elastic modulus, yield stress, and the ultimate stress of the cortical bone increased by approximately 123%, 63%, and 50%, respectively, with strain rates ranging from 0.001 to 10/s. For spongy bone, increases were approximately 128%, 73%, and 77%, respectively. Ultimate strain decreased by approximately 37% and 7% for cortical and spongy bone, respectively. An elastic–plastic constitutive model incorporating with strain rate based on a combined exponential and logarithmic function was proposed and implemented into LS-DYNA through user-defined material. The developed model and the subroutine code successfully simulated the strain-rate characteristics and the fracture process of the bone samples. Keywords Cortical bone · Spongy bone · Mechanical properties · Strain rate · Region · Constitutive model
1 Introduction Head trauma is one of the primary reasons for pediatric fatality and disability (Atabaki 2007; Langlois 2000), with skull fracture as one of the primary forms of head trauma (Schutzman and Greenes 2001). When compared with adults, pediatric head injury has been less comprehensively studied due to the limited availability of pediatric cadavers. With this in mind, another useful approach, computational finite element models (FEMs), has been commonly used in research regarding pediatric head injury (Coats et al. 2007; Couper and Albermani 2008; Klinich et al. 2002; Li et al. 2011, 2013, 2016, 2017; Mao et al. 2013; Roth et al. 2007, * Zhigang Li [email protected]; [email protected] 1
School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
2009, 2010; Ruan et al. 2012; Zhou et al. 2016). However, the ac
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