Experimental copper exposure, but not heat stress, leads to elevated intraovarian thyroid hormone levels in three-spined
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Experimental copper exposure, but not heat stress, leads to elevated intraovarian thyroid hormone levels in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) Ruuskanen Suvi
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Mottola Giovanna1 Anttila Katja1 ●
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Accepted: 2 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Climate change and pollution are some of the greatest anthropogenic threats to wild animals. Transgenerational plasticity— when parental exposure to environmental stress leads to changes in offspring phenotype—has been highlighted as a potential mechanism to respond to various environmental and anthropogenic changes across taxa. Transgenerational effects may be mediated via multiple mechanisms, such as transfer of maternal hormones to eggs/foetus. However, sources of variation in hormone transfer are poorly understood in fish, and thus the first step is to characterise whether environmental challenges alter transfer of maternal hormones to eggs. To this end, we explored the population variation and environmental variation (in response to temperature and endocrine disrupting copper) in maternal thyroid hormone (TH), transfer to offspring in a common fish model species, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) using multiple approaches: (i) We compared ovarian TH levels among six populations across a wide geographical range in the Baltic Sea, including two populations at high water temperature areas (discharge water areas of nuclear power plants) and we experimentally exposed fish to (ii) environmentally relevant heat stress and (iii) copper for 7 days. We found that populations did not differ in intraovarian TH levels, and short-term heat stress did not influence intraovarian TH levels. However, copper exposure increased both T4 and T3 levels in ovaries. The next step would be to evaluate if such alterations would lead to changes in offspring phenotype. Keywords Thyroid hormones Plasticity Maternal effect Endocrine disruption Metal pollution Heat stress ●
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Introduction Climate change and pollution are some of the greatest anthropogenic threats to wild populations. Organisms may react to changes in their environment by showing plastic responses (Habary et al. 2017; Parmesan 2006; Stillman and Armstrong 2015). One highlighted form of plasticity is transgenerational plasticity, i.e. when variation in parental environment leads to changes in offspring phenotype (e.g. Bonduriansky and Day 2009; Donelson et al. 2012; 2018;
Supplementary information The online version of this article (https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02278-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ruuskanen Suvi suvi.ruuskanen@utu.fi 1
Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Galloway and Etterson 2007; Metzger and Schulte 2017; Meylan et al. 2012; Mousseau and Fox 1998; Salinas and Munch 2012; Shama et al. 2014; Shama and Wegner 2014), however the molecular mechanisms are not yet understood. Transgenerational effects may be mediated via multiple mechanisms, such as epigeneti
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