Experimental Techniques for Reinforcement Characterization
The experimental procedures for the compaction test and permeability measurements are described in detail in this chapter. The same setup and procedures were used for the validation of virtual permeability values obtained from the proposed hybrid framewor
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Experimental Techniques for Reinforcement Characterization
There are many experimental methods that have been proposed and are in use for the measurement of permeability of fiber reinforcements. As there is a lack of established norms, many researchers have developed in-house methods depending on their individual requirements and facilities. The results obtained from these methods can vary significantly, with a 20% coefficient of variation, due to a lack of standardized testing methods, and errors associated in the material handling process [1, 2]. Another study suggests the relative variations in the principal permeability values to lie in a range between 9.1 and 29.3% [3]. In an effort to standardize the procedures, several smaller regional benchmark studies [4] were conducted which were then followed by two international benchmark studies [1, 2]. In these benchmark exercises, in-plane permeability values were studied by a number of research groups across the world. In the first exercise [1], the same reinforcement was used by all participants, but no specifications were made regarding the measurement method and the test parameters. This resulted in a level of scatter in the measured permeability values that was greater than one order of magnitude. In the second international benchmark exercise [2], the participants were required to apply an unsaturated linear injection method. This benchmark exercise showed—for this specific test method—that by defining minimum requirements for the equipment, measurement procedure and analysis, satisfactory reproducibility of data obtained using different systems can be achieved. Motivated by the outcome of these two benchmark exercises, a new benchmark exercise was proposed not only for the in-plane permeability measurements but also for the through-thickness permeability measurements and the compaction test. The experimental procedures for the compaction test and permeability measurements are described in detail in this chapter. The same setup and procedures were used for the validation of virtual permeability values obtained from the proposed hybrid framework. Before describing the experimental setups and procedures, the test materials used for various activities are also discussed.
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 M. A. Ali et al., CT Scan Generated Material Twins for Composites Manufacturing in Industry 4.0, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8021-5_3
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3 Experimental Techniques for Reinforcement Characterization
3.1 Types of Reinforcements Several 2D and 3D reinforcements have been described here. The details are given in Table 3.1 below. The focus here is mainly on 3D reinforcements and hence the 3D reinforcements are discussed in detail. The 2D reinforcements along with the carbon AFP tape will be discussed in brief where deemed necessary.
3.1.1 3D Reinforcements Three different types of 3D reinforcement, supplied by Sigmatex, UK, are investigated in this study. These three r
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