Exploiting trap color to improve surveys of longhorn beetles
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Exploiting trap color to improve surveys of longhorn beetles Giacomo Cavaletto1 · Massimo Faccoli1 · Lorenzo Marini1 · Johannes Spaethe2 · Filippo Giannone3 · Simone Moino1 · Davide Rassati1 Received: 6 May 2020 / Revised: 12 November 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Longhorn beetles are commonly moved among continents within wood packaging materials used in trades. Visual inspections carried out at points of entry often fail to detect exotic longhorn beetles as infested materials may have little or no sign of colonization. Black-colored traps baited with pheromones and host volatiles are thus used to improve chances of detection. Here we tested whether existing surveillance protocols for longhorn beetles can be further improved using trap colors different than black. Baited traps of eight different colors (i.e., grey, yellow, green, red, blue, brown, purple and black) were deployed in a randomized complete block design at 16 sites in northern Italy in 2019. A total of 6,001 individuals from 56 longhorn beetle species were trapped. In general, yellow and blue traps caught a significantly higher number of longhorn beetle species than black traps. In addition, trap color significantly affected species richness and abundance at the subfamily and species level, with mixed response mostly linked to the habit of visiting flowers for food. Flower-visiting longhorn beetles mainly exhibited clear preference for flower-related colors, i.e., yellow, green and blue, whereas non-flower-visiting species were more attracted by dark and long-wavelength-dominated colors, like red and brown. Our results clearly indicate that generic surveillance programs should not rely exclusively on black traps and that the use of more trap colors can strongly improve the chance of detecting native and exotic longhorn beetles potentially moved with trades. Keywords Cerambycidae · Color vision · Early detection · Exotic species · Surveillance
Key message • Black-colored traps baited with attractive blends are used
at ports of entry worldwide to intercept longhorn beetles accidentally introduced via international trade.
Communicated by J. J. Duan. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-020-01303-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Davide Rassati [email protected] 1
Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’ Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
2
Department of Behavioral Physiology & Sociobiology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
3
Padova, Italy
• No study thoroughly tested whether colored traps per-
form better than black traps in detecting longhorn beetles. • Trap color can strongly increase attractiveness of longhorn beetles to baited traps, especially when targeting flower-visiting species. • Surveillance programs must include colored traps along with
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