Eye-tracking in dentistry: what do children notice in the dental operatory?
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Eye-tracking in dentistry: what do children notice in the dental operatory? Gregory R. Celine 1 & Vanessa V. Y. Cho 1 & Alexandr Kogan 2 & Robert P. Anthonappa 1
&
Nigel. M. King 1
Received: 14 September 2018 / Accepted: 9 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objectives To determine, using eye-tracking technology, (i) what children notice the most when they look at images of dental operatories and (ii) the effect of distractors on gaze pattern. Materials and methods Forty-one children aged 4–12 years (21 girls, 19 boys) viewed 13 images of dental operatories taken from different perspectives on a computer screen. One child was excluded due to calibration issues with the eye-tracking equipment. Areas of interest (AOI’s) were pre-defined on each image, then a Tobii X2-60 eye-tracking camera was used to track the location of participant’s gaze. Count of participants to fixate and mean length of fixation (LOF) for each AOI were measured. Results Significant differences in the mean LOF was noticed for bracket tables, handpieces, and the dental chair. Significantly differences in mean LOF between different areas of the images were noted where distractors (cartoons) were added. Conclusions When viewing images of dental operatories on a computer screen, children fixated most on the bracket tables, handpieces, and dental chairs. The addition of distractors was able to change where they looked. Eye-tracking was able to effectively assess where the children looked. Clinical relevance The findings demonstrate that children have inherent preferences for where they fixate when viewing images of a dental operatory. This has not previously been known and will allow customization of dental operatories where children will be treated. Keywords Children . Dental operatory . Eye-tracking
Introduction A dental visit, typically with its characteristics, represents a stressful act that can impact all of its participants (children, their parents, and dental health care personnel). It is often stated that most children associate the dental office as an unfriendly, offensive, and anxiety-provoking environment, distinguished by loud noises, distinctive odors, bright lights, invasive contact in the mouth, and the probability of pain [1]. The subsequent undesirable effects have both short- and long-
* Robert P. Anthonappa [email protected] 1
Paediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Developmental and Behavioural Sciences, UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, 17 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
2
Maroubra, Australia
term consequences, which can influence the psychological state of the children toward future dental treatment [2]. While inability to carry out the proposed dental treatment is the most commonly reported short-term effect, avoiding future dental visits, consecutive poor oral health requiring extensive treatment, failed or missed appointments, neglected dental care, and increased unmet need in adulthood are some of the long
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