Fear of COVID-19, Mindfulness, Humor, and Hopelessness: A Multiple Mediation Analysis
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Fear of COVID-19, Mindfulness, Humor, and Hopelessness: A Multiple Mediation Analysis Mehmet Saricali 1 & Seydi Ahmet Satici 2 Emine Gocet-Tekin 3 & Mark D. Griffiths 4
& Begum Satici
2
&
Accepted: 21 October 2020/ # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract
Hopelessness is an important vulnerability factor for depressive symptomology and suicidal ideations. It may also play an important role in the fear of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, the present study tested the mediating role of mindful awareness and humor (both identified as coping strategies for dealing with stressful situations) in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and hopelessness. Participants comprised 786 Turkish individuals (562 females and 224 males; aged between 18 and 67 years) from 71 of 81 cities in Turkey. An online convenience sampling method was used to recruit participants. Participants completed surveys including the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and Coping Humor Scale. The model was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) and utilizing bootstrapping. The results of SEM showed that the effect of fear of COVID-19 on hopelessness was partly mediated by mindfulness and humor, and which was supported by bootstrapping. Therefore, higher fear of COVID-19 was associated with lower mindfulness and humor. In turn, lower mindfulness and humor were related with higher hopelessness. Findings are discussed in the context of COVID-19 and the hopelessness literature, and practical implications for counselors are also provided. Keywords COVID-19 . Hopelessness . Mindfulness . Humor . Fear of COVID-19 . Turkey
Introducton Since the spread of the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) became a pandemic, the attention of the world has rightly focused on protecting the population, minimizing the spread of the virus, and treating COVID-19 patients. During this period, governments around the world have implemented measures to limit contact between individuals, including imposition of quarantine, physical distancing, and social isolation. For example, in Turkey (where the
* Mark D. Griffiths [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
present study was carried out), after the first confirmed case on March 10, 2020, some measures were implemented including online education in all schools, obligatory quarantine for individuals under 18 years and over 65 years, quarantine of 15 days in state accommodation units for individuals traveling from abroad, compulsory face mask use outside, travel restrictions within big cities, and flexible working practices for civil servants. While these measures are necessary to slow down the spread of COVID-19, the possible adverse mental health effects cannot be overlooked. Individuals who are in quarantine may experience boredom, anger, and loneliness. The symptoms of the viral infection together with the unfavorable effects of treatment may also result in worseni
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