Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems Part 1 Plants and Microorganisms
The term Fennoscandia is used to denote Finland and the Scandinavian peninsula, which comprises Norway and Sweden and sometimes also neigh bouring districts of the USSR. The western part of the Scandinavian peninsula is mountainous with peaks mostly with
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Volume 16
Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems Part 1 Plants and Microorganisms
Edited by F. E. Wielgolaski Editorial Board P. Kallio and T. Rosswall
With 90 Figures and 96 Tables
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1975
The picture on the cover is a simplified version of Fig. I on p.4.
ISBN-13:978-3-642-80939-2 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-80937-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-80937-8
Distributed in the British Commonwealth Market by Chapman & Hall Limited, London. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Main entry under title: Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems. (Ecological studies; v. 16). CONTENTS: pI. I. Plants and microorganisms. I. Tundra ecology - Scandinavia. 2. Tundra ecology - Finland. I. Wielgolaski,F.E., 1931- . II. Kallio, Paavo. III. Rosswall,Thomas. IV. Series. QH164.F45 574.5'264 75-4809 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproducing by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher.
© by Springer-Verlag Berlin· Heidelberg 1975 Soflcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1975 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Preface
The term Fennoscandia is used to denote Finland and the Scandinavian peninsula, which comprises Norway and Sweden and sometimes also neighbouring districts of the USSR. The western part of the Scandinavian peninsula is mountainous with peaks mostly within the range 1000-2000 m above sea level. Permafrost is not usually found in the southern districts of these alpine zones, but occurs in the northeastern part of Fennoscandia in mire, even at a low elevation. If tundra is defined as areas of permafrost, only very limited regions of Fennoscandia could be included. However, in the present volumes, we have used the word tundra in a broader sense as approximating areas with mean annual air temperature below 0 C at meteorological standard height (1.5-2 m); it is often used in this sense in North America. This usage allows all alpine zones to be included, along with the subalpine birch zone and certain open subarctic woodland ("forest tundra" in Russian usage). Floral and faunal structures in Fennoscandia have been studied for many years. However, earlier studies were more limited on such aspects as productivity and other functional relationships of ecosystems. The functional relationships within an ecosystem have to be studied on a large scale requiring integrated and interdisciplinary research. This is possible only through joint planning by scientists and must be carried out in teamwork by meteorologists
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