Flavonoids: nutraceutical potential for counteracting muscle atrophy
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Flavonoids: nutraceutical potential for counteracting muscle atrophy Changhee Kim1 • Jae-Kwan Hwang1
Received: 8 July 2020 / Revised: 10 August 2020 / Accepted: 21 August 2020 Ó The Korean Society of Food Science and Technology 2020
Abstract Skeletal muscle plays a vital role in the conversion of chemical energy into physical force. Muscle atrophy, characterized by a reduction in muscle mass, is a symptom of chronic disease (cachexia), aging (sarcopenia), and muscle disuse (inactivity). To date, several trials have been conducted to prevent and inhibit muscle atrophy development; however, few interventions are currently available for muscle atrophy. Recently, food ingredients, plant extracts, and phytochemicals have received attention as treatment sources to prevent muscle wasting. Flavonoids are bioactive polyphenol compounds found in foods and plants. They possess diverse biological activities, including anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation. The effects of flavonoids on muscle atrophy have been investigated by monitoring molecular mechanisms involved in protein turnover, mitochondrial activity, and myogenesis. This review summarizes the reported effects of flavonoids on sarcopenia, cachexia, and disuse muscle atrophy, thus, providing an insight into the understanding of the associated molecular mechanisms. Keywords Flavonoids Muscle atrophy Mitochondrial activity Myogenesis Protein turnover
& Jae-Kwan Hwang [email protected] Changhee Kim [email protected] 1
Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonseiro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
Introduction Skeletal muscle, which is composed of bundles of multinucleated cells called myofibers, is the largest body organ that accounts for 40% of body weight and supports multiple body functions (Frontera and Ochala, 2015; Mukund and Subramaniam, 2020; Wells et al., 2009). First, skeletal muscle contributes to physical performance. Three different energy systems, including aerobic oxidative, anaerobic glycolytic, and phosphagen systems, are responsible for transforming chemical energy into physical force in skeletal muscle, thereby allowing humans to perform various physical activities (Frontera and Ochala, 2015; Wells et al., 2009). Secondly, along with other two organs, hepatic and adipose tissues, skeletal muscle is a representative organ to metabolize glucose, free fatty acid, and protein (Kim et al., 2019c). Therefore, skeletal muscle is a wellknown target organ not only for treating metabolic diseases and symptoms, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia but also for maintaining body temperature (Frontera and Ochala, 2015; Kim et al., 2019c). Skeletal muscle not only stores glucoses as glycogens and catabolizes them into pyruvates for energy production (glycolysis) but also degrades fatty acids into acetyl-CoA (b-oxidation) (Wells et al., 2009). In particular, the importance of protein metabolism in skeletal muscle cannot be overlooked because skeletal muscl
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