fMRI: From Nuclear Spins to Brain Functions
This book explores the revolutionary fMRI field from basic principles to state-of-the-art research. It covers a broad spectrum of topics, including the history of fMRI's development using endogenous MR blood contrast, neurovascular coupling, pulse sequenc
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Kâmil Uludağ • Kâmil Uğurbil • Lawrence Berliner Editors
fMRI: From Nuclear Spins to Brain Functions
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Editors Kâmil Uludağ Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre (MBIC) Maastricht University Maastricht, MD The Netherlands
Lawrence Berliner University of Denver Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2190 E Iliff Ave 80208 Denver Colorado USA
Kâmil Uğurbil University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis Minnesota USA
ISSN 0192-6020 Biological Magnetic Resonance ISBN 978-1-4899-7590-4 ISBN 978-1-4899-7591-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-7591-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015938322 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London © Springer New York 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
In the past two decades, a plethora of magnetic resonance (MR) techniques have rapidly evolved to become indispensable in studies of the human brain in health and disease by providing otherwise unavailable measurement capabilities. This avalanche of methodological developments was, to a large extent, initiated with the introduction of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), using endogenous deoxygenated hemoglobin contrast in 1992. fMRI provides the ability to indirectly map neuronal activity noninvasively in animal and human brains. Early results depicting images of increased neuronal activity in the human brain came from work conducted at the University of Minnesota, Massachusetts General Hospital and University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Subsequent to its introduction, fMRI evolved at a rapid pace, propelled by initiatives undertaken in many research centers and laboratories to understand the basic mechanisms underlying the MR-detected functional mapping signals, improve instrumentation, image acqui
