From the Earth's Core to Outer Space
From the Earth's Core to Outer Space focuses on four themes: (1) Evolving Earth’s crust, (2) Changing Baltic Sea, (3) Climate Change, and (4) Planet Earth, third stone from Sun. The focus on these four topics provides both a state of the art review of ear
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Ilmari Haapala Editor
From the Earth’s Core to Outer Space
Editor Ilmari Haapala Huvilakuja 2 02730 Espoo Finland
ISBN 978-3-642-25549-6 e-ISBN 978-3-642-25550-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-25550-2 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2012931329 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
From the Earth’s Core to Outer Space is an extended and revised version of the book Maan ytimesta¨ avaruuteen edited by I. Haapala and T. Pulkkinen and published in 2009 in Finnish in the series Bidrag till ka¨nnedom av Finlands natur och folk, No. 180, of the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, Helsinki. That book was based on lectures given in a symposium dealing with timely research topics in geosciences and arranged in January 2008 in Helsinki to celebrate the centennial anniversary of the Finnish Academy of Sciences and Letters. The current version has been written to international readers. The articles have been strongly revised, some of them completely reformulated, and four new articles (Chap. 5 by H. O’Brien and M. Lehtonen, Chap. 12 by M. Viitasalo, Chap. 13 by J. Karhu, and Chap. 14 by A.E.K. Ojala), and three appendices (Geological time table, Layered structure of Earth’s interior, Layers of Earth’s atmosphere) have been added to widen and deepen the content of the book. The themes of the book are: Earth’s Evolving crust, Changing Baltic Sea, Climate Change, and Planet Earth, Third Stone from the Sun. I am grateful to all authors who, in addition to their official work, have found time to write the articles, and to the reviewers, who in most cases are other authors of the book: Pasi Eilu, Eero Holopainen, Pentti Ho¨ltta¨, Hannu Huhma, Kimmo Kahma, Juhani Kakkuri, Juha Karhu, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Emilia Koivisto, Annakaisa Korja, Hannu Koskinen, Marita Kulmala, Markku Kulmala, Raimo Lahtinen, Martti Lehtinen, Matti Leppa¨ranta, Wolfgang Maier, Pentti Ma¨lkki, Irmeli Ma¨ntta¨ri, Satu Mertanen, Heikki Nevanlinna, Mikko Nironen, Pekka Nurmi, Hugh O’Brien, Antti Ojala, Risto
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