Fuels in Transportation
In 1900, there were no gas stations—blacksmiths and pharmacists sold the fuel. People first used petrol for lighting and later to lubricate machine tools.
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Fuels in Transportation
In 1900 there were no gas stations—blacksmiths and pharmacists sold the fuel. People first used petrol for lighting and later to lubricate machine tools. At the end of the 19th century, boilers in factories and in ships began to use oil instead of coal [1]. Since this time the consumption of oil, coal and natural gas has been continuously growing. Figure 2.1 presents the development of fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions [2].
2.1 Classification of Types of Fuels There is an increasing variety of fuels, which are presented in Fig. 2.2. The heating value of liquid fuels is relatively equal per mass unit. It is about 11.0– 12.0 kWh kg-1 (17,017–18,564 BTU lb-1), which is equal on average to 39,574– 43,172 kJ kg-1. Gasoline has a volume-specific heating value of 8.8 kWh l-1 (113,660 BTU gal-1 (US) or 136,512 BTU gal-1 (UK)), i.e., 31,680 kJ l-1 at a density of 0.762. Diesel fuel has a volume-specific heating value of 10.0 kWh l-1 (129,163 BTU gal-1 (US)), i.e., 36,000 kJ l-1, because of its higher density (0.835) [3]. Components of alternative fuels containing oxygen, such as biological ethanol (29,700 kJ kg-1, i.e., 12,771 BTU lb-1 or 155,132 BTU gal-1 (UK), ether, and fatty acid methyl ester have less heating value than pure hydrocarbons, since the oxygen bound in the molecule does not take part in the burning. Kerosene has a mass-specific heating value of 38,000 kJ kg-1, i.e., 16,340 BTU lb-1, and heavy fuel oil approximately 41,200 kJ kg-1 or 17,716 BTU lb-1. The density of kerosene is similar to diesel fuel. Heavy fuel oil has a higher density, depending on the quality [4].
M. Palocz-Andresen, Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation, Green Energy and Technology, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-11976-7_2, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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2 Fuels in Transportation
6 000
400
375
18 000
350 4 000
12 000 325
2 000
6 000
concentration CO2 [ppm]
oil equivalent [10 6 tons]
fuel consumption CO2 production 24 000 8 000
300
0 1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
275 2010
year Atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide Sum of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning
World oil consumption World coal consumption World natural gas consumption
Fig. 2.1 Global consumption of fossil fuels and CO2 emissions per year
Fig. 2.2 Most important types of fuels
gasoline
diesel
hydrogen
CNG
BTL
kerosene
fuel sorts
CLT
ship diesel oils LPG
GTL emulsions
LNG alcohols
FAME
The different types of fuels have varying physical and chemical properties (see Table 2.1 [5]). The different physical and chemical properties lead to changes in containing, pumping, spraying, and burning characteristics.
2.2 Road Transport Fuels Gasoline, diesel, and environmentally friendly vehicle fuels are used in road transport in the largest quantity.
2.2 Road Transport Fuels
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Table 2.1 Physical properties of liquids Substance Density g cm Gasoline/petrol Diesel Methanol Ethanol Fuel oil Flax oil Petroleum Lubrication oil Silicone oil Water
-3
0.72–
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