Fully automated segmentation of callus by micro-CT compared to biomechanics
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Fully automated segmentation of callus by micro-CT compared to biomechanics Oliver Bissinger1*, Carolin Götz1, Klaus-Dietrich Wolff1, Alexander Hapfelmeier2, Peter Michael Prodinger3 and Thomas Tischer3,4
Abstract Background: A high percentage of closed femur fractures have slight comminution. Using micro-CT (μCT), multiple fragment segmentation is much more difficult than segmentation of unfractured or osteotomied bone. Manual or semi-automated segmentation has been performed to date. However, such segmentation is extremely laborious, time-consuming and error-prone. Our aim was to therefore apply a fully automated segmentation algorithm to determine μCT parameters and examine their association with biomechanics. Methods: The femura of 64 rats taken after randomised inhibitory or neutral medication, in terms of the effect on fracture healing, and controls were closed fractured after a Kirschner wire was inserted. After 21 days, μCT and biomechanical parameters were determined by a fully automated method and correlated (Pearson’s correlation). Results: The fully automated segmentation algorithm automatically detected bone and simultaneously separated cortical bone from callus without requiring ROI selection for each single bony structure. We found an association of structural callus parameters obtained by μCT to the biomechanical properties. However, results were only explicable by additionally considering the callus location. Conclusions: A large number of slightly comminuted fractures in combination with therapies that influence the callus qualitatively and/or quantitatively considerably affects the association between μCT and biomechanics. In the future, contrast-enhanced μCT imaging of the callus cartilage might provide more information to improve the non-destructive and non-invasive prediction of callus mechanical properties. As studies evaluating such important drugs increase, fully automated segmentation appears to be clinically important. Keywords: Fracture healing, Micro-CT (μCT), Biomechanics, Fully automated segmentation, Comminuted fracture, Multi-fragmented fracture, Trabecular bone, 3D structural parameters
Background Osteoporosis is frequently regarded as a pathology of cancellous bone, which is the reason why biomechanics and trabecular structures within the bone are of high socioeconomic interest. Human bone biopsies were originally collected from different donor sites (e.g. femoral head, vertebral bodies and iliac crest) to develop threedimensional (3D) methods for the direct quantification of the actual structure type of cancellous bone. Therefore, no assumptions regarding the structure type (e.g. ‘plate-like’ or ‘rod-like’) are needed [1]. These micro-CT (μCT) * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
measures were then correlated to the biomec
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