Functionalized cobalt ferrite cubes: toxicity, interactions and mineralization into ferritin proteins
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Functionalized cobalt ferrite cubes: toxicity, interactions and mineralization into ferritin proteins Kanwal Akhtar1 · Yasir Javed1 · Yasir Jamil1 · Faqir Muhammad2 Received: 9 April 2020 / Accepted: 10 June 2020 © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2020
Abstract In the biological environment, the fate of nanomaterials characterizes as critical matter, which regulates environmental effects and associated hazards for humans. Understanding of the nanoparticle’s degradation, transformations and persistence may predict these risks. Safely designed inorganic nanomaterials are being focused for therapy; yet, fundamental processing in the biological environment and physical properties have not been assessed thoroughly. In this research work, bare, polyethylene glycol and citrate-coated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared through modified chemical coprecipitation method. Structural, elemental, magnetic and morphological analysis of synthesized samples are performed through XRD, EDX, FTIR, VSM, SEM and TEM. XRD confirms the cubic structure of CoFe2O4 with crystallite size 25.75 nm. SEM and TEM confirm the formation of faceted cube-like morphology. For in vivo toxicity studies, a single dose of bare and coated cobalt ferrite NPs are intraperitoneally administrated in healthy albino rats. The degradation effects are studied through optical followup, by introducing bare and coated NPs in lysosomal-like media where changes in behavior are linked with transformations in vivo. Transfer of degraded ions of cobalt ferrite NPs into apoferritin are also evaluated. Apoferritin studies reveal partial filling of protein with cobalt ions from cobalt ferrite NPs. Keywords Cobalt ferrite · Coprecipitation · Biomedical applications · Toxicity · Biotransformations
Introduction In this new millennium, novelties in technology have revolutionized the modern human society with better sanitation and health facilities. Innovations in modern technologies are closely related with the advancements in nanotechnology, which can transform the present and future with amended traits of technologically important products. Extensive applications of nanotechnology in different fields induce side effects associated with health and human society (Behrens and Appel 2016). Among different types of nanomaterials, magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are extensively used, especially, cobalt ferrite NPs are potential candidate for biomedical applications due to their higher magnetic anisotropy (Srinivasan et al. 2018). Overwhelmingly, these * Yasir Javed [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
NPs are used in environmental remediation (Srivastava et al. 2016; Viltužnik et al. 2013), improved gene and drug delivery (Zhang et al. 2020), magnetic resonance imaging (Hankiewicz et al. 2019), biosensors (Krishna et al. 2012), cellular therapy (Lee and Kim 2012) and magn
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