Fundamentals of Digital Imaging in Medicine
Fundamentals of Digital Imaging in Medicine is a primer for students of medical radiology, designed to demystify the mathematics that imaging theory resides in. The focus on medical imaging accompanied by an approach that forgoes complex mathe
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Roger Bourne
Fundamentals of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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Roger Bourne, PhD Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences University of Sydney Sydney Australia
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extra.springer.com. ISBN 978-1-84882-086-9 e-ISBN 978-1-84882-087-6 DOI 10.1007/978-1-84882-087-6 Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2009929390 c Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
For Joan and John, Who gave me curiosity and scepticism.
Whit dae birds write on the dusk? A word niver spoken or read, The skeins turn hame, on the wind’s dumb moan, a soun, maybe human, bereft. Kathleen Jamie
Foreword
There was a time not so long ago, well within the memory of many of us, when medical imaging was an analog process in which X-rays, or reflected ultrasound signals, exiting from a patient were intercepted by a detector, and their intensity depicted as bright spots on a fluorescent screen or dark areas in a photographic film. The linkage between the exiting radiation and the resulting image was direct, and the process of forming the image was easily understandable and controllable. Teaching this process was straightforward, and learning how the process worked was relatively easy. In the 1960s, digital computers began to migrate slowly into medical imaging, but the transforming event was the introduction of X-ray computed tomography (CT) into medical imaging in the early 1970s. With CT, the process of detecting radiation exiting from the patient was separated from the process of forming and displaying an image by a multitude of computations that only a computer could manage. The computations were guided by mathematical algorithms that reconstructed X-ray images from a large number of X-ray measurements a
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