Galaxy Formation

This second edition of Galaxy Formation is an up-to-date text on astrophysical cosmology, expounding the structure of the classical cosmological models from a contemporary viewpoint. This forms the background to a detailed study of the origin of structure

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G. Börner, Garching, Germany A. Burkert, München, Germany W. B. Burton, Charlottesville, VA, USA and Leiden, The Netherlands M. A. Dopita, Canberra, Australia A. Eckart, Köln, Germany T. Encrenaz, Meudon, France E. K. Grebel, Heidelberg, Germany B. Leibundgut, Garching, Germany J. Lequeux, Paris, France A. Maeder, Sauverny, Switzerland V. Trimble, College Park, MD, and Irvine, CA, USA

Malcolm S. Longair

Galaxy Formation Second Edition With 202 Figures and 20 Tables

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Malcolm S. Longair Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy Cavendish Laboratory J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CH3 0HE England, UK e-mail: [email protected]

Cover image: Galaxies NGC 2207 and IC 2163. Credit: NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI); Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2; STScI-PRC99-41; Source: http://heritage.stsci.edu/1999/41/index.html

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007935444

ISSN 0941-7834 ISBN 978-3-540-73477-2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998, 2008 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting and production: LE-TEX Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR, Leipzig, Germany Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L., F. Steinen-Broo, Girona, Spain SPIN: 11394105

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For Deborah, Mark and Sarah

Preface

This is the second edition of my book Galaxy Formation. Many people liked the first edition which appeared in 1998, just before the explosion of magnificent new data which have completely changed the face of astrophysical cosmology. Many of the agonies which had to be gone through in the first edition have disappeared and, to many people’s amazement, including mine, there is now a concordance model for cosmology, the cosmologist’s equivalent of the particle physicist’s standard model. Just like the standard model, however, the concordance model creates as many problems as it solves. This is not a cause for concern, but rather one for celebration because we are now able to ask much better and deeper questions than in the past. These questions indicate clearly the need for physics and astrophysics ‘Beyond the Concordance Model’. The object of this new edition is to bring thi