Generator Efficiency
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Donatello Annaratone
Steam Generators Description and Design
123
Prof. Donatello Annaratone Via Ceradini 14 20129 Milano Italy [email protected]
ISBN: 978-3-540-77714-4
e-ISBN: 978-3-540-77715-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008924058 c 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L. Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com
Preface
The content of this book originates from 35 years of teaching “steam generators” to graduate students at the Politecnico of Milan, Milan, Italy, and from 45 years of professional activity in this area – first in industry and then as founder of a design and consulting company. Before discussing the content of the textbook, I would like to present the rationale for the title. Boilers are machines consisting of steam-generating tubes only, that is, of internal and external tubes where water is transformed into saturated steam. Steam generators – or, simply, generators – indicate machines equipped with one or more of the following components: superheaters, reheaters, economizers, and air heaters – besides the steam-generating tubes that make up the boiler. Finally, those machines with tubes, where instead of water, a diathermic fluid flows inside, are also called boilers, for their construction is similar to that of the latter. The above notwithstanding, the term “boiler” is used even when hot water or superheated water is produced instead of steam. Large systems designed to produce electricity have all components indicated above in addition to the boiler. In medium size systems, some of these components are always present, whereas in small ones a regenerator is frequently and appropriately included. It is therefore justified to use “steam generators” as title, because it best matches the actual makeup of these systems. The textbook is divided into three sections. In the first section, the different types of generators are described from a structural and functional point of view by examining them globally and then considering their various components. The different fuels being used are discussed as well. The second section is dedicated to design issues and focuses on combustion, heat tran
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