Genomic Selection. I: Latest Trends and Possible Ways of Development
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EWS AND THEORETICAL ARTICLES
Genomic Selection. I: Latest Trends and Possible Ways of Development Yu. A. Stolpovskya, *, A. K. Piskunova, **, and G. R. Svishchevaa, b, *** aVavilov
Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia *e-mail: [email protected], **e-mail: [email protected], ***e-mail: [email protected]
bFederal
Received November 19, 2019; revised February 3, 2020; accepted February 6, 2020
Abstract—There is a forecast that global demand for foods of animal and plant origin will increase by 74% by 2050 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Satisfying this demand without a destructive effect on the environment is only possible while maintaining the principles of organic farming, as well as introducing new technologies in animal husbandry and crop production. Genomic selection as one of the most promising and safest methods for improving the genetic qualities of farm animals and plants can play a key role in this process. This review summarizes information on genomic selection, indicates possible growth points of this direction, demonstrates how a genomic estimation of the breeding value is constructed and what are the key conditions required for its implementation, and discusses the advantages and limitations of genomic and marker selection. Keywords: genomic selection, single nucleotide polymorphism, breeding value, domesticated animal species, reference population DOI: 10.1134/S1022795420090148
INTRODUCTION For a long time, scientists sought to find significant relationships between economically useful traits and genetic markers for a purposeful selection to identify and fix valuable alleles in populations. The use of genetic markers to solve breeding problems was called marker or marker-assisted selection. The idea to use markers in selection was for the first time theoretically formulated by A.S. Serebrovskii et al. back in the 1920s [1]. In the broadest sense, any inherited modification of structural genes (alleles), anonymous nucleotide sequences, or chromosomes with which the group of alleles of interest is linked is a genetic marker. However, theoretical results gained in a huge amount of scientific works on the study of genetic markers (from blood groups, proteins, and enzymes to different types of DNA markers) have not been extensively used when breeding domesticated animals, and the existing genetic methods have not become a popular tool in practice. Largely, the significance of the results was leveled by an insignificant effect from their manifestation. The greatest achievements were obtained when studying such type of markers as gene mutations that can lead to a particular disease, affect the productivity, and reflect the origin of individual animals and phylo-
genesis of the breeds in general. A detailed evolution of genetic markers and methods is presented in the reviews [2, 3]. Over the last decade, th
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