Geomatic Method for the Analysis of Data in the Earth Sciences
Geomatics is an amalgam of methods, algorithms and practices in handling data referred to the Earth by informatic tools. This book is an attempt to identify and rationally organize the statistical-mathematical methods which are common in many fields where
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo
Athanasios Dermanis Armin Griin Fernando Sansb (Eds.)
Geornatic Methods for the Analysis of Data in the Earth Sciences With 64 Figures
Springer
Editors Professor Dr. Athanasios Dermanis The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Department of Geodesy and Surveying University Box, 503 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece E-mail: dermanis @ topo.auth.gr
Professor Fernando Sansb Politecnico di Milano Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica, Ambientale e del Rilevamento Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano, Italy E-mail: fsanso @ ipmtf4.topo.polimi. it
Professor Dr. Armin Griin ETH Honggerberg Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry Hi1 D 47.2 8093 Zurich, Switzerland E-mail: agruen @geod.ethz.ch "For all Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences published till now please see final pages of the book" Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Geomatic methods for the analysis of data in the earth sciences 1 Athanasios Dermanis ... (ed.). - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 2000 (Lecture notes in earth sciences; 95) ISBN 3-540-67476-4 ISSN 0930-03 17 ISBN 3-540-67476-4 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag is a company in the BertelsmannSpringer publishing group. O Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Camera ready by editors Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 10768074
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PREFACE There has been a time when statistical modeling of observation equations was clear in disciplines like geodesy, geophysics, photogrammetry and practically always based on the conceptual arsenal of least square theory despite the different physical realities and laws involved in their respective observations.
A little number of (very precise) observations and an even smaller number of parameters to model physical and geometrical laws behind experimental reality, have allowed the development of a neat line of thought where "errors" were the only stochastic variables in the model, while parameters were deterministic quantities related
