Glucose metabolism-related gene polymorphisms as the risk predictors of type 2 diabetes
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(2020) 12:97 Li et al. Diabetol Metab Syndr https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-020-00604-5
Open Access
REVIEW
Glucose metabolism‑related gene polymorphisms as the risk predictors of type 2 diabetes Cuilin Li1* , Yuping Yang1, Xin Liu1, Zhongyu Li2, Hong Liu3 and Qiuhong Tan1
Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex polygenic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose. Multiple environmental and genetic factors can increase the risk of T2DM and its complications, and genetic polymorphisms are no exception. This review is mainly focused on the related genes involved in glucose metabolic, including G6PC2, GCK, GCKR and OCT3. In this review, we have summarized the results reported globally and found that the genetic variants of GCK and OCT3 genes is a risk factor for T2DM while G6PC2 and GCKR genes are controversial in different ethnic groups. Hopefully, this summary could possibly help researchers and physicians understand the mechanism of T2DM so as to diagnose and even prevent T2DM at early time. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Genetic polymorphism, G6PC2, GCK, GCKR, OCT3 Background Diabetes is one of the major chronic disease threatening human health. There were 451 million people with diabetes worldwide up to 2017. And it was estimated that in 2045 the number of diabetes patients will increase to 693 million [1]. In China, the estimated numbers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) was 113.9 million, representing 11.6% of Chinese population [2]. T2DM is a lifelong disease characterized by hyperglycemia, showing with drinking more, eating more, peeing more and losing weight. If the glucose is not efficiently controlled, the patients will have more chance to develop complications, such as nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, amputation, vascular disease, heart disease and stroke. These complications ultimately decrease the quality of life, increase the economic burden of patients [3]. T2DM can be caused by various factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, family history, hypertension *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou 412007, Hunan, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
and age [4]. Apart from these, genetic factors are considerable since many genes and their interactions play important roles in the development of T2DM [5], such as PRKAA2 [6], ABCA1 [7], FTO [8], FADS [9] and TCF7L2 [10]. Therefore, finding and summarizing the gene variants among different ethnic groups will be helpful to understand the treatment, prevention and complications of T2DM.
Candidate genes for T2DM People with family history of diabetes will have 2–4 times higher risk to develop T2DM than the unrelated individuals [11]. With the development of pharmacogenomics, more and more genetic variants were reported to associated with the susceptibility and treatment of T2DM. As we all know, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is one of the main form
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