Glycine, the smallest amino acid, confers neuroprotection against d -galactose-induced neurodegeneration and memory impa
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Glycine, the smallest amino acid, confers neuroprotection against D-galactoseinduced neurodegeneration and memory impairment by regulating c-Jun N-terminal kinase in the mouse brain Rahat Ullah1, Myeung Hoon Jo1, Muhammad Riaz2, Sayed Ibrar Alam1, Kamran Saeed1, Waqar Ali1, Inayat Ur Rehman1, Muhammad Ikram1 and Myeong Ok Kim1*
Abstract Background: Glycine is the smallest nonessential amino acid and has previously unrecognized neurotherapeutic effects. In this study, we examined the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of glycine (Gly) against neuroapoptosis, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and memory impairment resulting from D-galactoseinduced elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the onset of neurodegeneration in the brains of C57BL/ 6N mice. Methods: After in vivo administration of D-galactose (D-gal; 100 mg/kg/day; intraperitoneally (i/p); for 60 days) alone or in combination with glycine (1 g/kg/day in saline solution; subcutaneously; for 60 days), all of the mice were sacrificed for further biochemical (ROS/lipid peroxidation (LPO) assay, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry) after behavioral analyses. An in vitro study, in which mouse hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells were treated with or without a JNK-specific inhibitor (SP600125), and molecular docking analysis were used to confirm the underlying molecular mechanism and explore the related signaling pathway prior to molecular and histological analyses. (Continued on next page)
* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21plus), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
Ullah et al. Journal of Neuroinflammation
(2020) 17:303
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Results: Our findings indicated that glycine (an amino acid) inhibited D-gal-induced oxidative s
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