Gram-positive bacteriocins: usage as antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Gram-positive bacteriocins: usage as antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine Laureano Schofs 1,2
&
Mónica D. Sparo 2,3 & Sergio F. Sánchez Bruni 1,2
Received: 3 April 2020 / Accepted: 16 June 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide spread phenomenon that affects both human and veterinary medicine. This issue has led to a “One Health” approach in order to coordinate efforts and set back the development of drug-resistant microbes. In the search for alternatives therapies, bacteriocins or antimicrobial peptides have proven to be effective both in vitro and in vivo for multiples pathogens, even those resistant to many classic antibiotics. Gram-positive bacteriocins have been the most studied to the present. The use of bacteriocins as therapeutically active molecules is limited mainly due to difficulties in production, purification, delivery systems and regulatory approvals. To overcome some of these limitations, biotechnological and nanotechnological approaches are evaluated. Bacteriocins proved to be a good complement for conventional antibiotics therapy. Antimicrobial peptides are nowadays included in the veterinary products such as udder disinfectant for dairy cattle and dermatological medicated wipe for topical use on dogs, cats, and horses. But there are other potential uses to explore in the veterinary field for both companion and production animals. Keywords Antimicrobial resistance . Nanobiotechnology . Gram-positive bacteriocins . Pharmaceutical formulations . Veterinary medicine
Introduction: Bacteriocins – Classification, mode of action and resistance Bacteriocins are proteinaceus antimicrobial molecules, ribosomally synthesized by various Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria (Nes, 2011). These antimicrobial compounds are even synthesized by archaea and are considered potent means
* Laureano Schofs [email protected] Sergio F. Sánchez Bruni [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, CIVETAN- CONICET, B7000 Tandil, Argentina
2
Tandil Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Comisión de investigaciones científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), Tandil B7000, Argentina
3
Clinical Department, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Olavarría B7400, Argentina
to compete with others microorganism (Besse et al. 2015). Bacteriocins are extracellularly released and can kill or inhibit the growth of species closely related to the producing strain or affect others genera, phylum or even domain (narrow or broad spectrum respectively) (Besse et al. 2015; Ahmad et al. 2017). Several Gram-positive bacteriocin classification schemes have been proposed to the date with different approaches (Zouhir et al., 2010; Cotter et al., 2013). Initially, Klaenhammer presented the first lactic acid bacteria (LAB) classif
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