Hepatotoxicity induced by nanomaterials: mechanisms and in vitro models
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Hepatotoxicity induced by nanomaterials: mechanisms and in vitro models Vânia Vilas‑Boas1 · Mathieu Vinken1 Received: 16 September 2020 / Accepted: 20 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The unique physicochemical properties of materials at nanoscale have opened a plethora of opportunities for applications in the pharmaceutical and medical field, but also in consumer products from food and cosmetics industries. As a consequence, daily human exposure to nanomaterials through distinct routes is considerable and, therefore, may raise health concerns. Many nanomaterials have been described to accumulate and induce adversity in the liver. Among these, silica and some types of metallic nanoparticles are the most broadly used in consumer products and, therefore, the most studied and reported. The reviewed literature was collected from PubMed.gov during the month of March 2020 using the search words “nanomaterials induced hepatotoxicity”, which yielded 181 papers. This present paper reviews the hepatotoxic effects of nanomaterials described in in vitro and in vivo studies, with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms. The induction of oxidative stress and inflammation are the manifestations of toxicity most frequently reported following exposure of cells or animal models to different nanomaterials. Furthermore, the available in vitro models for the evaluation of the hepatotoxic effects of nanomaterials are discussed, highlighting the continuous interest in the development of more advanced and reliable in vitro models for nanotoxicology. Keywords Nanotoxicity · Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity · Oxidative stress · Inflammation · Nanoparticles · In vitro models
Introduction The exclusive physicochemical properties of materials at nanoscale have boosted nanotechnology-related research in recent decades. These nanomaterials (NMs) can be used for in a broad variety of applicability domains, such as the pharmaceutical (Rudramurthy and Swamy 2018), agriculture (Liu and Lal 2015), food (Liu et al. 2019) and cosmetics industries (Contado 2015). The steeply increased number of consumer products containing NMs raises concerns about their environmental accumulation (De Marchi et al. 2019) but also regarding human exposure, both from a consumer’s and from a worker’s perspective (Pietroiusti et al. 2018). The main route of NM exposure is estimated to be dermal or inhalation, yet, considering the scope of applications, * Mathieu Vinken [email protected] Vânia Vilas‑Boas [email protected] 1
Department of In Vitro Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
ingestion and intravenous are equally potential routes of exposure to NMs. Following oral absorption, the liver is one of the main organs where NMs accumulate (Boey and Ho 2020), hence increasing the risk of hepatotoxic effects. These effects, as well as the kinetic profile of NMs, are dependent on their physicochemical characteristics, in particular size, shape, surface ch
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