Herbicide thiencarbazone-methyl pedospheric disposition through sorption and degradation mechanisms in heterogenous soil
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Herbicide thiencarbazone‑methyl pedospheric disposition through sorption and degradation mechanisms in heterogenous soils Palwasha Gul1 · Khuram Shahzad Ahmad1 · Mahwash Mahar Gul1 Received: 12 November 2019 / Accepted: 9 September 2020 / Published online: 9 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Thiencarbazone-methyl, a triazole herbicide was assessed for its environmental fate by carefully imitating and analyzing the natural pedosphere through diverse experiments involving adsorption, desorption, hydrolysis, photo-degradation and degradation in ten distinct soils. Sorption experiments were performed through batch equilibrium method. Soils’ physicochemical properties highly influenced the sorption of the herbicide. Results were characteristic of an overall weaker physisorption and an exothermic response reflected by means of negative qualities for Gibbs free energy. Hydrolytic, photolytic and soil degradation experiments were performed for thiencarbazone-methyl for determination of the impact of biotic and abiotic parameters on its degradation. UV–Vis spectrophotometer and GC–MS was utilized for the investigation of thiencarbazonemethyl-treated soils after extraction at regular intervals. The adsorption co-efficient value ranged from 4.3 to 26.4 µgml−1. Minimum half-life in hydrolysis, photo-degradation and soil degradation experiments was 18, 18.7 and 16 days, respectively; while, the highest was 22, 22.6 and 23.9 days, respectively. Results depict moderate binding and low persistence of thiencarbazone-methyl to the selected soils whilst being highly susceptible to transformative pathways. Keywords Herbicide · Sorption · Adsorption · Hydrolysis · Photo-degradation · Biodegradation
Introduction The world population is expected to reach 9.4 billion by 2050 and 10 billion by 2100 (Bloom 2011). The most noteworthy aspect of the future population dynamics is the fact that most of the population increment seems to occur in developing countries of Asia (mostly South Asia) and Africa (mostly sub-Saharan Africa) (Lutz and Samir 2010). The soil assets in such areas are inadequate in extent (per capita), frail to natural and anthropogenic perturbations and vulnerable to degradation by the projected climate change and the increase in demographic pressure in addition to naturally occurring disaggregation (Iftikhar et al. 2018). Thus, any upcoming increase in agronomic/food production will have to occur through upright increase in production per unit area, time and input (e.g., nutrients, water, energy) of the assets already committed to agriculture. Hence, the utilization of pesticides in modern agriculture for adequate food production * Khuram Shahzad Ahmad [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
is unavoidable since they are required to control weeds to guarantee sufficient nourishment supply (Popp et al. 2013). Synthetic pesticides and t
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