Heterogeneous integration of Polymer Porous Photonic Bandgap Structure with Xerogel based Biochemical Sensors
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Heterogeneous integration of Polymer Porous Photonic Bandgap Structure with Xerogel based Biochemical Sensors Huina Xu1, Ke Liu1, Ka Yi Yung2, Frank V. Bright2 and Alexander N. Cartwright1 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, 2Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
ABSTRACT We report the heterogeneous integration of a multifunctional sensor based on polymer porous photonic bandgap (P3BG) structure and xerogel based luminescence sensor technology. The P3BG structure was fabricated using holographic interferometry. Initially, holographic interferometry of a photo-activated prepolymer syrup that included a volatile solvent as well as monomer, photoinitiator, and co-initiator was used to initiate photopolymerization. Subsequent UV curing resulted in well defined lamellae of the polymer separated by porous polymer regions that created a high quality photonic bandgap structure. The resulting P3BG structure was then integrated with the xerogel based luminescence element to produce a luminescence sensor with a selective narrow band reflector. The prototype xerogel based luminescence sensor element consisted of an O2 sensing material based on spin coated tetraethylorthosilane (TEOS) composite xerogel films containing tris (4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) ([Ru(dpp)3]2+) luminophore. We demonstrated enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of this integrated multifunctional sensor while maintaining the same sensitivity to O2 sensing of the xerogel based element. The resulting advantages and enhanced SNR of this integrated sensor will provide a template for other luminescence based assays to support highly sensitive and cost-effective sensor systems for biomedical applications. Keywords: Sensor, Holography, Polymer, Photonic Bandgap, Sol-gel INTRODUCTION Photonic bandgap materials are structures with periodic refractive index profiles that result in an energy gap where photons cannot transmit through the material. These materials exist in nature in various forms and have been studied scientifically for over 100 years. Colorful Morpho butterfly wings and opal are good examples of photonic bandgap structure materials. Porous polymer photonic bandgap structures, that provide distinctive optical properties, have been fabricated through a fast and inexpensive holographic photo-polymerization technique 1, 2. Luminescence based detection is frequently used in chemical, medical, and biomedical diagnostic applications. Luminescence based sensors have several advantages including fast response and high efficiency. They are less prone to contamination, and display high sensitivity and specificity compared to competing approaches 3. Nature also provides examples of methods to enhance recognition by combining luminescence molecules with photonic bandgap structures in the butterfly wings, which are also referred as pigmentary colors and structural colors, respectively 4. Sol-gel derived xerogels have been widely used as the platforms for immobilization of active ag
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