Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Response to 444 Ferritic Stainless Steel Networks
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Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Response to 444 Ferritic Stainless Steel Networks Antonia Symeonidou1, Rose L Spear1, Roger A Brooks2 and Athina E Markaki1 1
Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK Orthopaedic Research Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
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ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to improve bone-implant bonding. This can, potentially, be achieved through the use of an implant coating composed of fibre networks. It is hypothesised that such an implant can achieve strong peri-prosthetic bone anchorage, when seeded with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The materials employed were 444 and 316L stainless steel fibre networks of the same fibre volume fraction. The present work confirms that hMSCs are able to proliferate and differentiate towards the osteogenic lineage when seeded onto the fibre networks. Cellular viability, proliferation and metabolic activity were assessed and the results suggest higher proliferation rates when hMSC are seeded onto the 444 networks as compared to 316L. Cell distribution was found uniform across the seeded surfaces with 444 showing a somewhat higher infiltration depth. INTRODUCTION Total joint replacement is one of the most important operations in the field of orthopaedics, involving replacement of the joint with an artificial prosthesis. Patients undergoing total joint replacement operations can experience complications during recovery due to failure of the implant to integrate with bone tissue. This failure relates to stability problems stemming from stress shielding and poor interfacial adhesion. In an effort to address this problem, different porous metals [1] are currently clinically used as coatings for the femoral and acetabular components. The use of bonded networks of ferromagnetic fibres has been proposed [2], as an anchoring technique for bone tissue in-growth. This anchoring could enhance implant fixation as in the course of time, near proximity bone cells will grow in, around and through the fibre network promoting osseointegration. By injecting hMSCs in the network and directing their differentiation towards the osteogenic lineage, bone will be formed from within the network and this will happen in parallel with osseointegration. When subjected to an external magnetic field, alignment of the fibres will impose mechanical strains on in-growing bone tissue. If the strains generated in the surrounding tissue lie in the beneficial range, bone cell growth will be promoted [3]. Cell responses to these networks have been assessed using human osteoblasts [4] and peripheral blood monocytes [5]. Metal fibre networks of this type [6] exhibit good mechanical properties even at high porosity levels as compared to typical open-cell metallic foams [7], whose properties are often very poor partly due unavoidable stress localization effects by severe inhomogeneities and gross defects and by the presence of embrittling constituents in the cell walls. In this study, the response of hMSCs is investi
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