Hydrodynamic characteristics of groundwater aquifer system under recharge and discharge conditions
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Hydrodynamic characteristics of groundwater aquifer system under recharge and discharge conditions Shu Wang 1 & Zongjun Gao 1 & Zhenyan Wang 1 & Xi Wu 2 & Yonghui An 2 & Xiaohui Ren 1 & Minghao He 1 & Wenxiang Wang 2 & Jiutan Liu 1 Received: 24 October 2019 / Accepted: 20 August 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract Through laboratory data and the analysis of field observation data from the Heihe River Basin in China, groundwater movement (referred to as the groundwater flow) is confirmed, and the groundwater water head value at different vertical depths (in the same aquifer) at any point on the plane differs. When groundwater level rises dynamically, the water head at the lower part of the plane is higher than it is at the head of the upper part; when the groundwater level is dynamically reduced, the upper head is higher than the lower head. That is, the groundwater flow usually moves in an oblique direction, as is the case with the bottom plate. This phenomenon was first observed in laboratory water injection and pumping tests and was verified via the study of water levels at different burial depths for the same aquifer obtained from exploration wells using stratification techniques in the middle reaches of the Heihe River. At the same time, the stratification technology guarantees the practice and field verification of groundwater flow system theory. Keywords Discharge . Groundwater aquifer system . Heihe River Basin . Hydrodynamic characteristics . Recharge
Introduction In traditional hydrogeology, the concept of vertical movement of unpressurized water is generally ignored, especially the upward movement of unpressurized groundwater (Kochina and De Wiest 1962). In the flow network of many textbook interfluvial parcels, the streamlines often point to the valley zone from the watershed, showing horizontal flow that only slightly decreases near the valley zone. However, in the late nineteenth century, American King (King 1899) drew a schematic diagram of the flow field of groundwater discharge into rivers. In 1940, M.K.Hubbert drew the first complete flow network of the interfluvial block and emphasized the vertical movement of the unpressurized groundwater. He concluded Responsible Editor: Broder J. Merkel * Zongjun Gao [email protected] 1
Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266510, Shandong, China
2
Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey, CGS, Baoding 071051, Hebei, China
through mathematical analysis of potential that the recharge area experienced descending flow and the discharge area experienced ascending flow, with only the transition zone between two areas the flow line approaching the same level (Hubbert 1940). Since 1963, Tóth assumed that there are different levels of nested groundwater flow systems in the groundwater flow systems found in homogeneous isotropic diving basins, which reveals the space-time structure of the groundwater system (Toth 1963). In the following 50 years, Tóth groundwater flow system theory has been cons
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