Hydrologic Impacts, Spatial Simulation
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Hydrologic Impacts, Spatial Simulation
Hydrologic Impacts, Spatial Simulation G RAEME AGGETT 1, C HRIS M C C OLL 2 Riverside Technology, Inc., Fort Collins, CO, USA 2 Department of Geography, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
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Synonyms Hydrologic modeling and hydraulic modeling with GIS; Hydrogeology Definition Spatial simulation of future hydrologic impacts involves deterministic or probabilistic modeling approaches that attempt to simulate likely changes in hydrology, and subsequent hydrologic response (impacts) of these changes, for a particular study area. The modeling approach might be focused on understanding the spatial impacts of predicted hydrologic changes (e. g. rainfall intensity), and/or changes in parameters impacting rainfall-runoff response and flow routing (e. g. changing land use). The goal is to produce spatial (map) and other data outputs that can assist planners and managers better understand the spatial ramifications of an uncertain future. Where appropriate and possible, estimates of uncertainty should be embedded in the map output. This information might be used to develop more informed and hence effective land use plans, flood mitigation strategies, or management strategies for habitat. The approach utilizes recent technological advances in the geospatial and hydrologic sciences to develop predictive modeling applications that can help environmental planners and managers better understand the spatial implications of hydrological processes changing in response to issues such as climate change and rapid urban development. Historical Background The approach has been stimulated by the development and utilization of spatially distributed parameters for hydrologic modeling brought on by advances in computing and geographic information systems (GIS). GIS have increasingly become a valuable management tool, providing an effective infrastructure for managing, analyzing, and visualizing disparate datasets related to soils, topography, land use, land cover, and climate (Liao and Tim, 1997; Miller, R.C., Guertin and Heilman, 2004). The integration of GIS with hydrologic and hydraulic models as a data pre/postprocessor have simplified data management activities by enabling relatively easy and efficient extraction
of multiple modeling parameters at the watershed scale (Ogden et al., 2001). Some methods for integrating hydrologic models with GIS have been categorized as “loose,” “close,” or “tight” coupling (Liao and Tim, 1997). Loose coupling methods usually involve data exchange using ASCII or binary data formats. An interface program is normally used to convert and organize GIS data into a format required by the hydrologic or land use model. Advantages of loose integration include ease of development and use with a wide range of commercial GIS software. Close coupling incorporates slight modifications to the control programs in the GIS software, providing improved data transfer between the model and the GIS database. There tends to be overlap between loose and close coupling metho
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