Immune Response of Mice Against Babesia canis Antigens is Enhanced When Antigen is Coupled to Gold Nanoparticles
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Immune Response of Mice Against Babesia canis Antigens is Enhanced When Antigen is Coupled to Gold Nanoparticles S. A. Staroverov1,2 · A. S. Fomin1 · S. V. Kozlov2 · A. A. Volkov2 · E. S. Kozlov2 · K. P. Gabalov1 · L. A. Dykman1 Received: 3 July 2020 / Accepted: 22 October 2020 © Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences 2020
Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to isolate Babesia canis soluble antigens and to investigate the effect of their conjugates with gold nanoparticles on the immunogenicity in laboratory animals. Methods A procedure was developed for isolating and purifying B. canis antigens. The isolated culture antigen of B. canis 495 was coupled to gold nanoparticles, and the conjugate was used to immunize laboratory mice. Results Western blotting showed that the resultant antiserum specifically recognized the proteins of the B. canis strains isolated from naturally infected dogs. The antibody titer, the respiratory activity of peritoneal macrophages, the proliferative activity of splenocytes, and the production of cytokines were maximal when the animals were immunized with the antigen–nanoparticle conjugate emulsified in complete Freund’s adjuvant. Without adjuvant, the babesial antigen was weakly immunogenic. Conclusion Therefore, the use of gold nanoparticles as an antigen carrier induced a broad immune response involving both cellular and humoral responses. The antibodies raised by the proposed procedure are potentially effective at immunodetection of Babesia canis infections in dogs. Keywords Babesia canis · Antigen · Gold nanoparticles · Immunization · Vaccine · Protective immunity
Introduction The agent of piroplasmosis was first described in 1888 by the Romanian bacteriologist Victor Babeş [3], who isolated an organism causing hemoglobinuria in cattle. Babesia canis, the agent of canine piroplasmosis, was first isolated and described in 1895 [29]. Seven years after, extensive studies were made on dogs to investigate the biology and pathology of B. canis [28]. That work provided detailed descriptions of the parasite’s morphology and cell division, but most of it was addressed to the development and transfer of immunity in experimentally infected dogs. Babesia spp. are protozoan parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa [14]. The main difficulty confronting medical and * L. A. Dykman [email protected] 1
Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, Russia 410049
Saratov State Vavilov Agrarian University, 1 Teatralnaya Ploshchad, Saratov, Russia 410012
2
veterinary professionals in the prophylaxis of babesial infections is associated with transovarial transmission, which is regarded as an unusual route of transmission in the Apicomplexa [41]. Within the order Piroplasmida, transovarial transmission occurs solely in the evolutionary line of Babesia. In the absence of vertebrate animals (principal hosts of Babesia), ticks infected with the parasites thro
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